Reprinted from: http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn173/idn173.htm


Characterisation of the State of compression of Pietra D'Istria elements by Non Destructive Ultrasonic Technique

  • Raffaella Geometrante - Università degli Studi di Trieste - Dipartimento di Ingegneria dei Materiali e Chimica Applicata - Via Valerio, 2 - 34127 Trieste - Italy (I)
  • Dario Almesberger - SER.CO.TEC., P.zza S. Giovanni 3, 34122 Trieste - Italy (I)
  • Antonio Rizzo - Università degli Studi di Trieste - Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile - Piazzale Europa, 34127 Trieste - Italy (I)

    • Contact

ABSTRACT

About the 80% of the Venetian monuments and edifices have been built up, decorated or covered by limestone coming from quarries located in the Istria peninsula.

Nowadays, these pits are still exploited for the extraction of Pietra d'Istria stone, and their veins have maintained the main characteristics unchanged.

This means that through the studying of the properties of limestone produced by these quarries in our days it could be possible to gain some new insight also into the material widely used in the Venetian architecture during past centuries.

Starting from these assumptions, the purpose of this work was to characterise the material extracted from the above mentioned limestone quarries so to obtain a complete understanding of its properties and therefore to achieve a better comprehension of the issue concerning the anamnesis, diagnostic, monitoring, conservation and restoration of numerous edifices in Venice.

In order to organise the working program, the collaboration with the Kamen Pazin quarries has been essential for the supply of Pietra d'Istria samples.

After an initial evaluation of material main physical characteristics, the dependence of ultrasonic velocity on the compression state has been verified using different waves frequencies (55 and 120 kHz).

Velocity and the correspondent oscillogram have been recorded every 10 MPa during compression tests till fracture.

Variations in ultrasonic waves velocity and shape have been analysed and studied so to identify any possible correlation with the load borne by the samples.
Thanks to the results obtained, it has been possible to achieve the purpose of this laboratory study, i. e. to gain some insight into main characteristics of the Orsera Pietra d'Istria and, in particular, how its ultrasonic properties vary over a range of effective pressure.

1. INTRODUCTION

"Pietra d'Istria" is the material mostly used in the Venetian architecture for its great applicability to a wide range of different functional solutions; this lithotype is used both as structural element, thanks to its relevant mechanical strength, and with decorative function.

This sedimentary rock behaviour has always been studied even if most of the surveys performed was limited to an evaluation of the state of degradation. In fact, most of the time, these studies have been conducted pushed by the precise need to perform a structural diagnosis preliminary to a project of conservative restoration. This implies the adoption of non destructive techniques, to be used "in situ", in order not to damage monuments which artistic importance is often out of discussion. Moreover, the number of samples which can be extracted is usually limited by the necessity to preserve structure integrity.

The approach adopted for this work has been completely different: a serious historic research conducted to determine the original quarries used by Venetian during past centuries, has identified in the Orsera pit, one of the most exploited sites. Thanks to the collaboration with Kamen Pazin, company owner of that quarry, it has been possible to have a good number of samples without which, this research would have been impossible.

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

The development of efficient techniques of ultrasonic surveying for a specific class of materials, presupposes the acquaintance of its main physical characteristics. For this reason, the first part of this work has been dedicated to the characterisation of samples.

2.1 Material characterisation
Of the 10 samples of Istria stone, which have been investigated by ultrasonic technique, half have been chosen with bedding planes perpendicular to the longitudinal dimension (C) while the other half parallel to it (A).

Their weight, dimensions, density, ultrasonic velocity (55 and 120 kHz) and compressive strength are given in Table1 and Table 2.

 
N°Sample  Weight [g]  lA [mm]  lB [mm]  lC [mm]  Vol[dm3]  Density[g/dm3]  Ultrasonic speed  Rc[MPa]
55kHz  120kHz 
IC  5441  100.4  100.4  199.4  2.01  2706.99  6283  6189  69 
IIC  5352  100.2  100.0  198.9  1.99  2685.43  6069  5994  83 
IIIC  5348  100.3  99.8  198.1  1.98  2696.97  6108  5736  98
IVC  5375  100.4  100.2  198.9  2.00  2686.22  6296  6155  132
VC  5377  100.3  100.3  198.5  2.00  2692.64  6250  6135  142
MeanValues  5379 100.3  100.1 198.8 2.00 2693.65 6201  6042 105
Table 1: Main physical characteristics of samples cut perpendicular to bedding (C)
 
N°  Weight [g]  lA [mm]  lB [mm]  lC [mm]  Vol [dm3]  Density[g/dm3]  Ultrasonic speed  Rc[MPa]
55 kHz  120 kHz 
IA  5426  100.1  100.6  200.2  2.02  2691.43  6214  6157  123
IIA  5454  100.0  101.5  200.3  2.03  2682.68  6182  6165  69
IIIA  5404  99.9  100.2  200.4  2.01  2693.92  6234  6196  162
IVA  5423  100.3  100.5  200.1  2.02  2688.60  6302  6179  161
VA  5419  100.3  100.6  200.5  2.02  2678.59  6279  6163  128
Meanvalues  5425  100.1 100.7  200.8  2.02  2687.04  6242  6172 129 
Table 2: Main physical characteristics of samples cut parallel to bedding (A)

In particular, the ultrasonic speed results, recorded in the following tables, have been calculated, for each sample, as mean values of 6 different measurements performed on both transversal sides of the specimens. Ultrasonic wave measurements have been made using a CCT 6 tester connected with HAMEG HM 205-2 oscilloscope and HM 8148 graphic printer (Fig. 1).

2.2 Ultrasonic characterisation
The ultrasonic non-destructive technique provides a key to assess the physical properties of a given material, including mechanical characteristics and the state of cracking. The size of detectable heterogeneity depends on the wave frequency applied. Over a small frequency range (105 ¸ 106 Hz), only cavities sizes lying between one millimetre and one micrometre are detectable.

The commonplace practice of processing ultrasonic signals in terms of wave frequency and amplitude attenuation, as applied in petroleum geophysics, is rarely exploited for the purposes of civil engineering.
In the present study, the velocity of ultrasonic waves is used not only to characterise the static situation of the material under investigation but also as a parameter which can supply new information about its behaviour under different loading conditions.

Static conditions
From the data summarised in Table 1 and 2, some important information about the propagation of the ultrasonic waves, in the static conditions, can be achieved. In fact, since from now, it is possible to put in evidence a trend in common both the type C and type A samples, independently from the ultrasonic frequency used, which can be well understand from the following graphic (Graph. 1).

 
Graph 1: Ultrasonic speed in static condition

Dynamic conditions
In this case, the procedure adopted during the compression test provides, for each sample, the evaluation of the ultrasonic wave velocity and the print of the corresponding oscillograph, every 10 MPa. In order to minimise hysteresis effects, before each test, a pre-pressure of 40 MPa has been applied. The loading speed of 10 MPa/min has been used, with a stop of 3 minutes every 10 MPa, to allowed the arrangement and the measurements.

The ultrasonic velocity has been calculated starting from the measures of crossing times and parallelepipeds lengths so to avoid the potential error due to samples enlargement during compression. Lengths have been determined with a vernier on unload samples, and electrical transducers have been applied to estimate their enlargements while subjected to increasing pressures (see Fig. 2).

 
Fig 1: Instrumentation  Fig 2: test set-up

As during the static conditions tests the transducers working at 120 kHz had demonstrated more sensibility, this frequency has been also chosen to perform the dynamic investigation. Measurements of the travel time of the 120kHz source pulse have been taken along the axis of the core sample. Vaseline has been used as a coupling medium to improve the acoustic contact between the sample and the transducers. The instrument was calibrated by contact of the transducers.
The data collected during the dynamic tests are summarised in the Graph. 2 and 3.

 
Graph 2 : Ultrasonic speed and compressive strength for type C samples Graph 3 : Ultrasonic speed and compressive strength for type A samples

During the compression tests, good indications have come from the oscillographs printed every 10 MPa. In fact, in most of the cases, the state of cracking and also the imminent fracture were anticipated by the shape of the wave (Fig. 3). Sample IVA has been the only exception: in this case, the specimen has reacted as a unique block without showing any evident forewarning signal (Fig. 4).

Fig 3: Sample IIIC-Unload situation(up);s=93MPa(down)
Fig 4: Sample IVA-Unload situation(up);s=157MPa(down)

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The experimental results presented in this paper evidence the discontinuous nature of this kind of rock: different values have been obtain not only from one sample to the other but also in the same sample.

However, since from the static conditions tests, it has been possible to point out a dependence of ultrasonic velocity from ultimate compressive strength. In fact, an increase in Rc, is characterised by higher values of ultrasonic speed. Unfortunately, at least for the frequency used in this laboratory work, these differences are not so significant to allow a precise correlation between the compression strength and ultrasonic signal velocity in Pietra d'Istria. Even if Graph. 1 demonstrates similar angular coefficient for trend curve derived from measurements done using the same frequency, it is not possible to achieve a sort of calibration curve applicable during an "in situ" investigation.

Moreover, it can be observed that different frequencies of ultrasonic signal have determined different ultrasonic velocities on the same sample. From the results obtained it has also been possible to appreciate the greater sensibility that can be achieved using 120 kHz probes. In fact, considering that the defect dimension is determinant for the disturb that can be created on the wave, the higher frequency should detect smaller defects. This consideration is even more evident considering the type C sample which has demonstrated an ultimate compressive strength of 98 MPa. 2 different ultrasonic velocities have been measured with 55 kHz (6108 m/s) and 120 kHz (5736 m/s): the value determined with the higher frequency is considerably lower than the other due to a defect located in one third of the sample which has conditioned the final value. In the case of 120 kHz, the wave have been so much disturbed by that defect that 1 value on 6 (those used to calculate the mean value) has been sufficient to produce a result so far from the others. With the frequency of 55 kHz, the signal has not been scattered so strongly in the correspondence of that defect to point out such a difference.

For these reasons, it has been decided to monitor in real time the ultrasonic velocity in the samples during compression tests with the 120 kHz probes.

During the dynamic tests, type A and type C samples have demonstrated a different behaviour: in the case A, before the final collapse, cracks develop starting from the veining and are emphasised by velocity decreasing, while in the case C, samples react as a bulk, showing, after destruction, a shape quite similar to the typical double pyramids.

On the whole, the samples cut perpendicular to the veining (type C) have demonstrated similar behaviours, showing the first damage effects around the 90% of the ultimate load achieved. Type A samples have not had an unique answer to loading. In particular, sample IVA has shown a complete different feature (Graph. 3 and Fig. 4): while loading it with growing pressures, velocity increased without evidencing any damage effect till final collapse. This behaviour is probably due to a different composition of the veins present in that sample which did not work as defects but simply as a continuous with the bulk. This hypothesis is still under investigation with SEM, X-ray and DTA and TG surveys.

Also in the case of the dynamic conditions tests, it is not possible to identify a general correlation applicable to a non-destructive investigation on Pietra d'Istria. Moreover, in the case of an "in situ" application it should be necessary to reproduce not only the loading conditions, but also other variables which, for the Venetian case, should be the phenomenon of "acqua alta", capillary rise, humidity, etc.

Conversely, elastic wave propagation measurements can be successfully conducted for monitoring changes in limestone properties and for detection of discrete events (for example the initiation of dilation and the onset of macroscopic fracturing).

In any case, non-destructive ultrasonic technique has shown the potentiality in the diagnosis of the state of conservation of materials such as Pietra d'Istria structural elements. Further information would be achieved by the elaboration of a digital signal coming from the oscilloscope through Fourier transform analysis and from the study of the attenuation.

The laboratory results presented here have provided a more complete picture of the properties necessary for the interpretation of the data collected during a monitoring.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their thanks to Professor S. Meriani, Chairman of the Department of Materials Engineering of the University of Trieste, for valuable discussions during the course of this work.
The authors express their appreciation to Kamen Pazin (Trg Slobode 2, 52000 Pazin - Croatia HR, in the person of Piero Šuran, for the supply of the pietra d'Istria limestone samples.

5. REFERENCES

Article references:

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    • Book references:

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