Bolzano Primary Camp Italiano
Established:
1944
Location: vicinity of Bolzano, Italy, along the Via Resia
The Bolanzo camp was established by the Germans
late in 1943 or early in 1945. It housed up to 3,000 prisoners at a time,
and Jewish inmates never numbered more than 20 percent. Beginning early in
August 1944, most of the prisoners and staff of Fossoli were move there when
that camp became "unsafe" when the front approached Modena.
Bolzano was initially built to hold 1,500
prisoners (there was a block for women only and 10 huts for men) in an
area covering 2 hectares, but was later enlarged to hold a maximum
capacity of about 4,000 prisoners. They could rely on the Lager
satellites (Bressanone, Merano, Sarentino, Campo Tures, Certosa di Val
Senales, Colle Isarco, Moso in Val Passiria and Vipiteno).
The camp resembled a German forced labor camp: on arrival the prisoners
had their heads shaved, were given prison clothes, and wore different
identification patches. Several transports were sent to Auschwitz,
Ravensbruck and Flossenburg. Owing to the hostility of the German South
Tyrolians, escape attempts were rare. On liberation in April 1945, some
800 inmates were still in the camp.
The SS of Verona controlled the camp that
was commanded by Lieutenant Titho and Marshal Haage who had already
carried out similar "missions" at Fossoli. They recruited a garrison of
Germans, South Tyroleans and Ukrainians (the latter, who despite their
youth are sadly remembered for their brutality). Political prisoners,
partisans, Jews, Romanies and allied prisoners constituted the majority
of prisoners incarcerated in Gries. Among the women, there were many
militant anti-fascists, Jews, Romanies, Slavs and the wives, sisters and
daughters of the persecuted anti-fascists. Last but not least, there
were the children of the Jews, Romanies and Slavs who had already been
deported for racial motives.
Living
conditions in the camps were appalling and certainly not eased by the
long, gruelling hours of forced labour. Numerous cases of torture and
assassinations were also recorded. In total no less than 11,116 people
passed through this camp (see-the fundamental research of Luciano
Happacher) and between the Summer of 1944 and February 1945 many were
transported to Ravensbrück, Flossenbürg, Dachau,
Auschwitz
and Mauthausen.
An extremely active resistance organisation
was present in the camp that had close outside contacts. Dozens of
people rallied from within and outside the camp in an extremely
dangerous attempt to give assistance to the deportees and in particular
to those destined for the extermination camps. Hundreds of deportees
were able by this means to get news from their families and food as well
as clothing and money. This courageous attempt to assist the needy did
not however come without its price: many of those who risked their lives
to help were arrested, isolated and even tortured.
On
the 12 September 1944, 23 Italians were arrested at 4 o’clock in the
morning, taken to the Mignon Army barracks and shot to death. Others
died at the hands of the "jailers" notable among them were a couple of
brutal young Ukrainians. No fewer than 300 people died at Gries many of
whom were Jews.
Between the 29th and the 30th April 1945
the prisoner received regular passes signed by the Camp's Commander and
were accompanied in groups a few kilometres from the city to be set
free. Between the end of April and the beginning of May 1945 deportees
were progressively freed and the Lager eventually closed down.
Meanwhile, the SS took flight having first destroyed practically all of
the camps documents and thus the evidence of their heinous deeds.
|
Area near the Bolzano
camp as it appears today. |
Regretfully, there are almost no remaining
traces of the Bolzano camp. After demolishing the blocks and the cells,
several apartment complexes have been built. The Province of Bolzano has
placed under its guardianship a vast portion of the original encircling
wall, up to now almost intact.On
the side of the wall is shown the old opening with vehicular access from
which would transit the internees, compelled to forced labour in the
workshops set up in the immediate vicinity of the camp or in other
establishments in the Bolzano area.
Bolzano
Subsidiary Camps
More on the Bolzano
Camp:
- Il Lager di Bolzano
- https://www.deportati.it/campi/bolzano/buffulin_1.htm (Italiano) / The
Bolzano Lager -
https://www.deportati.it/campi/bolzano/buffulin_1.htm (English),
by Ada Buffulini ("Triangolo Rosso", 1976).
-
"Per anni ho avuto
l'incubo delle torture in quelle celle" -
https://www.deportati.it/testimonianze_bolzano/mascagni_nella.html
/ For years I have relived the nightmare of the
torture in those cells -
https://www.deportati.it/e_lager/english_mascagni.html,
by Nella Mascagni, ex-deportee in the Lager.
-
Giovanni Venegoni,
Uomini, donne e bambini nel Lager do Bolzano.
Una tragedia italiana in 7.982 storie individuali (414
pages) - https://www.venegoni.it/venegoni_sec.pdf
Sources:
-
Text: Associazione Nazionale ex Deportati
Politici nei Campi Nazisti (ANED) - https://www.deportati.it/campi/
(Deutsch); https://www.deportati.it/english_bolzano.html (English) &
https://www.deportati.it/bolzano_canale/default.html (Italiano).
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