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Notes on the
Castellieri or Prehistoric Ruins of the Istrian Peninsula
By Captain R. F. Burton,
Vice-President London Anthropological Society, H.M.'s Consul, Trieste.
[From Anthropologia, 1875, p. 375-415.]
The Honorary Foreign Secretary read the following letter
and paper:—
A WORD TO THE READER.
This paper, or rather lecture, though forwarded to the Anthropological
Society before the end of the last year (1873), has only just seen the
light. The reason, I am assured, is the scanty patronage extended to our
young Association, which deserves much for doing hard and honest work. We
have adhered to our ancient platform — holding nothing human alien to our
study, and sedulously avoiding the favourite groove which runs
Anthropology into Palaeontology. Why Psychology, for instance, should be
forbidden to the anthropological student we are at pains to understand,
and we are certain that its absence does more harm than good. We are ever
ready to extend the hand of friendship to all misguided men; at the same
time, we refuse to see a noble expanse of science narrowed into the field
of stones and bones. And although we write without other object but that
of being useful to the public, we require funds for printing in a
collected form what would be dispersed if offered to the publishing
market. Is it too much to hope that a greater measure of encouragement
will be dealt to us 1
Richard F. Burton,
Trieste, October, 1874.
Vice-President |
 |
|
Anthropologia, Vol. 1,
Plate 7
The Pre-historic Village and
Castelliere in Istria restored by R.F. Burton |
Part I. — Preliminaries.
With great pleasure I
propose this subject to my fellow students of the London Anthropological
Society and to the readers of our young
ANTHROPOLOGIA. The very existence
of the Istrian Castellieri is, I believe, as yet a secret to England.
Indeed, the well-known authority on "Rude Stone Monuments," James
Fergusson, writes to me as follows:-— "So far as I know, nothing is known of your
Castellieri.
A description would be interesting and important, as showing that they are`
or are not connected with the Nurhags of Sardinia, or the Torri dei
Giganti of Malta and the Balearics. The Mediterranean Islands, in fact,
contain many stray antiquities, of the origin of which wo know nothing,
and we must wait till congeners are found for us on the continent of
Europe."
]
]
] ]
At the northern extremity of the Adriatic Gulf (Mare
Superum), where ends the watery channel representing the throat of the
Mediterranean mouth, lies a little triangle of land, in shape much
resembling a uvula. This is Istria. The exact dimensions and limits of the
little peninsula are 116 kilometres from the northern base line (N. lat.
45° 33') to the southern apex, the flattish lump, known as Punta de
Promontore (N. lat. 44° 46'): 49 kilometres expresses the greatest breadth
from the eastern flank
Monte
Maggiore (E. long. G. l4° 15' in round
numbers) to the port and acting capital,
Parenzo, on the west (E. long. G.
13° 35' 40"). The extensive seaboard covers 193 linear kilometres, and the
land frontier 99, running from north-west to south-east. The whole
peninsula measures 274 and the area 3,410 square kilometres; (1)
the parallel of N. lat. 45° passing through it. With a sea frontage nearly
doubling the land frontier, and with an average altitude of a thousand
feet above the sea, Istria enjoys a delightful climate, except in the rare
spots where the redoubtable
Bora
(Boreas), the gift of the frigid Carso and — the Save Valley, attracted by
the warmer air of the Adriatic Gulf, — invades the genial lowlands. Its
choice position must have rendered it, in early times, a fit habitation
for uncivilised man, who would naturally prefer it to cold and sterile
Krain or Carniolia, locally called Cragno, its limitrophe to the
north-east and east. The neighbourhood of the sea supplies its coast with
winter rains, while the calcareo-cretaceous formation, which discharges
its drainage through crevices and hollows [377] into the
sea, where fresh-water springs, locally called "Pole," (2)
or "Polle" abound, subject the interior to summer droughts. These will be
remedied by enforesting and by extending the cistern-system of Venice and
the tálábs or tanks of Hindostan.
Fazio (or Faccio) degli Uberti, in his poem the
"Dittamondo," iii. 2, justly says:—
| "Ed Istria vidi come
nel mar cova." "And Istrian land I saw brood o'er the sea." |
The late Dr. Kandler, of
Trieste, — concerning whom more
presently, — describes his natal country as follows: —
"He who looks upon this region from the seaboard admires
tho regular and beautiful forms of the highlands, the feracity and the
glorious vegetation of the lowlands, the number and safety of the roads
and harbours; nor has he any difficulty in understanding the high praise
lavished upon it by Cassiodorus, (Nat. circ. A.D. 468,) who wrote
from Ravenna. On the other hand, those who enter it from the interior,
compelled to traverse a succession of ground waves, whoso northern slopes
are not unfrequently naked and sterile; wearied and confused by the
multitude of tumultuous shapes, find every feature presented to the
worst advantage. Unable to perceive the general plan, they harsh-judge
the country; according to them, the coast, harbours, the rich vegetation
of the shores, the smiling fields, the frequent towns, and the monuments of
antiquity, are so many accidents which fortune has cast like waifs and
strays upon its coast." (3)
Thus we have a complete contrast with the Libanus and
the seaboard of Syria and Palestine, whose beauties must be beheld from
above: those who cruise by the "Holy Land" see little but steps of dry
wall, supporting in endless succession the several terraces, and
effectually concealing the rich vegetation which they defend from floods
and earth-slips.
When first coasting along the shores, and even when
inspecting the maps, travellers are apt to suspect that Istria is an
exception to the rule of the earth. In all great triangular peninsulas,
whose apices face southwards — India, for instance, to quote no other —
[378] the sides are bounded by Ghats or lateral ranges,
flanking an inner basin or table land of low elevation. The lesser
features, like Sinai, present a smaller V of highlands, enclosed in a much
larger trigon of lowlands, e.g.
A view from the sea
suggests that Istria has a regular slope from the lofty north-eastern,
eastern, and southeastern frontiers, the Slavnik (Tajano) block, the
Cici
mountains, and the
Monte Maggiore, alias the Caldiera. Hence
Pliny,
in his pregnant style, writes "Histria ut peninsula excurrit" (Nat. Hist.
iii. 23); and native geographers have considered it as a buttress of the
Julian Alps, thrust forth by Nanos, Monte Re or Regio,* (4) and by the Mons
Albius or Albanus, known as the Monte Nevoso or Sehneeberg.
Pliny (Nat.
Hist. iii. 19), in a passage evidently corrupt, tells us, "Some writers
have stated its (Istria's) length to be 40 miles (M.P. xl.), and its
circumference 125 (M.P. cxxv.) And the, same as to Liburnia, which
adjoins it, and the Flanatic Gulf, while others make it 225:
others, again, make the circumference of Liburnia 180 miles."
The words in italics may also be read, "And the circumference of Liburnia
which joins it with the Flanatic Gulf, some make 225, while others make
the compass of Liburnia to be 180 miles."
Strabo (vii. 5, § 3) gives the
whole voyage along the coast of Istria at 1,300 stadia, or about 155
miles.
In the charts we find four great valleys in the Istrian centre,
debouching upon the sea — one to the north-west, two to westward, and one to
the south. The first is the Dragogna, whose characteristics are meadow
lands and Salinas. The second, which divides the peninsula in two, takes a
variety of names, e.g., Val Quieto at the mouth, and Val de Montona
higher up: it is the only stream (5) in Istria that
deserves the name of rive — the little Risano is a mere brook, — and that can
carry to the Adriatic the rich growth of timber lining its banks. The third and fourth,
the Val di Leme (Culleus Limenis) and the [379] Canale and
Val d'Arsa (the classic Arsia, which divided Italy from Liburnia) are deep
and precipitous Wadys, Fiumaras, or ravines of limestone in the upper
part, and in the lower true Fjords.
It is not till the geographer has inspected the interior that he finds
a true basin, mostly of green and ruddy sandstones, locally called
tasello (Mergel Sandstein) and masegno (quartzose and
micaceous), which contrast so sharply with the grey limestone. Beginning
immediately beyond the old town of Couvedo or Covedo, the Roman Cubida
(?), this hollow, in places laterally cut by high dividing ridges, extends
to the shores of the
Lago di Cepich: it is approached seawards by ridges averaging 1,500
feet in height. In places it is only 500 feet above sea level, and the
four water-courses, like the African giants, must break through the rocky
rims of the basin before they find their way to the Adriatic.
Our peninsula was doubtless inhabited in early ages, and local students
still trace in its modern Veneto-Italian speech remnants of the old
Illyrian Histri or Istri, whose dialect has been vaguely connected with
Etruscan, Umbrian, Euganean, Illyrian, Keltic, Greek, and Phoenician. (6)
The Carni held the Alpine tract, which, extending from the Tricorno or
Triglou (Tri-glav) to the Nanos, finally forms the "Carso," (7) and they
owned Concordia,
Aquileja, and Tergeste, the modern
Trieste (?). The
Iapydes, or Iapodes, occupied the lands between the Nanos and the Mons
Albius or Albanus, upon whose eastern flanks they came in contact with the
Liburni. (8) About B.C. 600, certain Gallo-Keltic tribes who
[380]
had accompanied Bellovisus occupied the Ocra (9)
(the lowest part of the Alps between Nanos and the Schneeberg). In this
and the following century, Pelasgo-Ionic and Thracian peoples flocking
from Greece and Pontus easily intermingled with the older possessors of
the soil, the Pelasgo-Umbrians and the Etruscans, and settled upon the
parts nearest the sea. This last wave of emigration is referred to in the
traditions of Medea and Jason, of Apsyrtos or Absyrtus, of the Argonauts
and the Colchians, collected by Pomponius Mela,
Strabo,
Pliny,
Trogus Pompeius, and Justin. Hence the country assumed the name of Istria,
and for ever lost its ancient name. The existence of Thracians is also
proved by the Periplus (Periegesis) of
Scymnus, of Chios, written by
command of Darius Hystaspes.(10) Some 300 B.C. we find
that, according to Cleonymus of Sparta, who navigated the Adriatic, Istria
ruled that water, and Floras informs us that "the city of Tarentum sent
ships to trade with the shores of the Peninsula." (11)
The Istrian war (B.C. 177), circumstantially related by
Livy (lib. xli. 1
passim), the destruction of
Nesactium, and the foundation of
Aquileja
by the Romans, brings the country into connection with authentic history.
This most interesting province, overrun by the barbarians, subject to a
succession of conquerors, annexed by Venice, colonised by Slavs, and now
part of the Austrian empire, has been copiously
[381]
written about. The "Saggio di Bibliografia Istriana," a stout 8vo of
484 pages, published by the learned Dr.
Carlo de' Combi, of
Capodistria
("Tipografia Tondelli,
Capodistria," 1864), contains the names of 3,060
works, divided into twelve classes, viz.: Geography and chorographical
materials; natural science; ethnography; history, ecclesiastical annals,
auxiliary historical studies (documents à servir), legislation and
administration, political economy, beneficence and education, biography,
various minor works, and classics. To these are added an Appendix and a
scholarly Index. (12) That much is not known about
Istria in England we may judge from the fact that our guide books dismiss
in four pages the whole subject,
Pola included. (13)
Already, during the last century, the illustrious
Gian Rinaldo Carli,
of Capodistria, in many erudite publications, especially in that entitled
"Delle Antichità italiche," had called attention to the great monuments
and to the historic importance of his native land. In the third decade of
the present century, the Istrian Canon,
Pietro Stancovich, of
Barbana,
collected, in three volumes ("Biografia degli Uomini distinti
dell'Istria"), notices of 478 fellow countrymen who had distinguished
themselves in various civil and military careers. He was followed by Dr.
(LL.D.) Domenico de Rossetti (ob. 1842), who, writing upon history and
legislation, zealously defended the rights and privileges of his beloved
Trieste, and who founded the Minerva (literary club); the Winckelmann
monument; the Petrarchesca and Piccolomini collections; the
Archeografo
Triestino; and other literary associations. He was fortunate enough to
leave a pupil, the late Dr. (LL.D.)
Pietro Paolo Kandler, who surpassed
all three in the extent and the success of his labours. Concerning this
Istrian worthy, it will be necessary to say a few words. (14)
The late Pietro
Kandler was descended from a Scotch family (Chandler),
which had settled at
Trieste, during the early seventeenth century. Born
at
Trieste, on May 23 (24?), 1804, he studied law at Padua and Vienna, and
finally graduated at Pavia. Returning to
Trieste in 1826, he became a
pupil, a confidant, and a collaborateur of Dr. D. de Rossetti, and filled
various important posts in the magistracy of his native city. He founded
the museum; he forwarded the Imboscamento or enforesting of the Carso;
and he became conservator of the antiquities of the Litoral (Istria,
Trieste, and Gorizia); a councillor of government, and finally member of
the Imperial
[382]
Tribunal. He took a highly patriotic part in the proceedings of 1848.
He retired from public life in 1854. He lived modestly, devoting all his
fortune and his leisure to favourite studies, and he died poor on January
18th, 1872. It is a pleasure to add that his compatriots have not shown
themselves forgetful of his services, and that his unpublished maps and
manuscripts have been secured for his native province.
Dr.
Kandler began to write upon Istrian antiquities during his
fifteenth year, and continued his beloved study to the last. The titles of
his various works and opuscules fill eleven closely printed pages of the
Biography; the list of his imprinted maps and memoirs nearly five more. He
wrote equally well in Latin, German, and Italian, and his epigraph,
"RESVRRECTVRIS," over the gateway of the Catholic cemetery at
Trieste is
admired for its simplicity; at any rate, it is better than the banal "In
Domino requiescentibus" of its neighbour. He had all the instincts of a
traveller and an anthropologist. He began his work by learning the ground; as a student he personally inspected Hungary, Croatia, and
Slavonia, Styria, and Lower Austria. After taking his degree he visited
Lombardy, the Swiss Lakes, and the lands about Trent and Venice. But his
favourite autumnal beat was the maritime zone, between
Aquileja and
Fiume,
including Istria, Carsia (the Carso country), Gorizia and the Julian Alps
(formerly the Iapydian or Albian mountains), and by repeated journeys he
made himself thoroughly master of this nucleus. He travelled on foot, not
after the fashion of a modern tourist; and he carefully mapped the country
as he went over it. He was an anthropologist in his zeal and ardour for
collecting facts and in his horror of premature generalisation.
When pressed to compose a history for his natal province, he would
reply, —
"The annals of Istria are written upon her surface from the mountains
to the sea; but it is not a book who runs may read. Many pages have been
blotted and falsified, and not a few have been absolutely torn out. To
purify the ancient text from the excrescences, and the soilings of
barbarous hands, from the violence of these and from the ignorance of
those, and adequately to supply the deplorable lacuna, is a long
and laborious task — a work of time, of study, and of art."
But to him it was also a labour of love. His position at
Trieste gave
him many opportunities, and by adding to actual explorations the arduous
collation of archives, and of private as well as public documents, by
examining every witness, by frequent discussions with friends who enjoyed
his genial and humorous vein, and, better still, by constituting himself
essentially a specialist, and by concentrating all the powers of his brain
upon a single point, he ended with acquiring that "sixth sense" which is
the reward of intense application, and the systematic training of high
natural gifts. (15)
[383]
But Dr.
Kandler had confined himself to the study of Roman Istria; the
science which arose with M. Boucher de Perthes reached him too late in
life. His mind was large and receptive enough to accept the theory of
prehistoric man; he declared, however, that the business of his youth
must be that of his old age. In his various excursions he had carefully
mapped the network of the
Castellieri ("La Rete dei
Castellieri"), which
covers the Peninsula, but he had determined the remains to be those of
Roman camps. Some twenty-three years ago (1850-51), a Keltic origin was
assigned to them by Carl Freiherr von Czoernig (S.K.K. Apost. Maj. Wirkl.
Geheimer Rath, Präsident, etc., etc., etc.) This distinguished official,
who has lately published a large volume upon Gorizia, (16) could not
believe that the warrior people had chosen the waterless summits of the
hills for military positions, and, as in parts of the province half a
dozen may be seen from a single spot, he justly assigned them to a
population, not to an army. But years followed before the final step was
taken, when Sig. (lately made Cavaliere)
Tomaso Luciani, and his kinsman,
Dr. (LL.D.) Antonio Scampicchio of
Albona, by finding prehistoric
instruments even in their native town, and by other satisfactory proofs,
which will presently appear, set the question definitively at rest.
It would hardly be fair to speak of the Istrian
Castellieri without a
notice of Cav.
Luciani's labours; as, however, that gentleman still lives, my account of his career must be succinct. His
family, evidently and notably Italian, settled in the classical Respublica
Albonessium, the only classical Istrian Republic, (17) as early as the
fourteenth century, and acquired landed property. Born about 1820, he
preferred, like the late Mr. Buckle, private study to the public school,
and his early education was directed
[384]
by the learned Albonese, Antonio Lorenzini, who died in 1835. He
travelled early through northern Italy, and worked at his own discretion
in Padua and other centres of learning. An ardent patriot, and indignant
against the effete and harassing system of home government, before the
reform of 1848 and 1867 made Austria one of the most constitutional and
progressive of European countries, he was involved in political troubles,
and in 1861 he left his country for Milan. He removed to Florence with the
transfer of the Italian capital (1865); and in 1866, when Venice became
free, he settled there as an Italian citizen, and an employé
of the Archivio de' Frari. Finding that the duties interfered with his
studies, he resigned his appointment, and engaged in the pious task of
copying and preparing for publication the documents of that valuable
collection, which bear upon the history of his beloved province. In 1871
he attended the Congress of Bologna, and as the subjoined extracts show,
he took a prominent part on that occasion. (18) He periodically revisits
his native city, and he uses his leisure to extend his investigations.
Sig.Luciani has obliged me with the following list of his highly
meritorious labours.
- 1846. L'Isola di
Cherso, sue condizioni presenti e passate.
I. Lettera al Dr. Pietro
Kandler, stampata nell'Istria, peridico
settimanale. Anno I. Nro 35, dei 13 giugno, 1846, a pagine
140-142.
- 1846.
Cherso ed Ossere. Antichità. II. Lettera al Dr.
Kandler. (Istria, An. I., Nro 38, 39: 27 giugno, 1846, pag.
156-158.)
- 1847. Di alcune Traccie d'antichi edifosi e d altri indizi
d'antichità romane esistenti in Fasana, in
Dignano e in
Albona. Lettera al M. R. Don Matteo Callegan, Parroco-Arciprete in Fasana.
(Istria, Anno IL, Nri 15, 16: 27 febbraio, 1847, pag. 59-62.)
- 1847. Emende ed Aggiunte alle Memorie istoriche antiche e
moderne della Terra e Territorio di
Albona etc., scritto indizzato al Dr. P.
Kandler. (Istria, Anno II. , Nri 67, 68,
pag. 215-277. Nri 69, 70, pag. 283-286. Nri 73, 74, pag. 300-302.
[385] Nro 75, pag. 305, 306. Le pagine 275-277,
contengono la indicazione dei
Castellieri e delle altre antichità del
territorio di
Albona: nelle ulteriori 283 etc., solo riportate
molte iscrizioni Tenete e romane.
- 1862. L'Istria, scritto descrittivo che abbraccia con brevi
tocchi topografia, orografia, idrografia, geologia, meteorologia, clima,
vegetazione, flora, fauna etc., nella Strenna Aurora, Ricordo di
Primavera, a beneficio dell'Asilo infantile di Rovigno, Anno II.
(Rovigno: Tipografia istriana di Antonio Coana, 1862, da pag. 88 a 103.)
- 1864. Quarnaro —
Albona — Istria. Studi storici
etnografici, nell' Alleanza. Giornale internazionale
politico-letterario. Milano, 1864, Nri 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 e
21.
- 1866. L'Istria. Schizzo storico-etnografico. Firenze, 1866.
- 1869. Mattia Flacco Istriano di
Albona. Studio critico, con
documenti, per metter fuori d'ogni dubbio che il Fiacco, {l'un des
plus savane Theologiens de la Confession d' Augsbourg, come dice il
Bayle,) fu nativo non da altro luogo che da Altana in Istria.
(Pola, Tipografia Seraschin, 1869.)
- 1864 a 1873. Nel Dizionario corografico illustrato dell'Italia, che
forma parte dell' Italia sotto l'aspetto fisico, storico, letterario,
artistico, militare e statistico etc., ohe si pubblica a Milano dal
Dr. Francesco Vallardi, sotto la direzione del prof. Amato Amati, gli
articoli che riferisconsi all'Istria e particolamente gli articoli
Albona —
Buje —
Capodistria — Carsia —
Dignano — Istria —
Montona — Muggia —
Monte
Maggiore —
Parenzo —
Pedena —
Pirano —
Pisino —
Pinguente — Portole —
Pola — Quarnaro —
Quieto — Rovigno.
- 1872 e 1873. Notizie e Documenti per la conoscenza delle cose
istriane, nel Giornale La Provincia. (Capodistria: Tip. de
Gius. Tondelli — ora
Trieste — Stab. Tip. Appolonio e Cagniu.) Sono Note
e Prospetti statistici — Atti publici — estratti — indicazioni — regesti
sopra svariate materie riferentisi all'Istria, tratti dall'Archivio
Generale Veneto dette dei Frari dal Museo Civico, e dalla Marciana di
Venezia.
- 1873. Fonti per la storia dell'Istria negli Archivi di Venezia,
nell'Opera intitolata — Il Regio Archivio generale di Venezia,
Compilato, dietro incarico ministeriale, per la Esposizione
Universale di Vienna, — da pag. 334-352.
(Venezia: Tip. Naratovich, 1873).
The following unpublished letter of Cav.
Luciani to a friend
Luigi, Dr. (now Cav.) Buzzi, still resident at
Trieste, will show that,
beginning in 1859, in 1870 he had thoroughly appreciated the prehistoric
importance of the
Castellieri. I send it you without translation, in the
abiding faith that the readers of Anthropologia will far prefer the
original. The document is most valuable, because it recounts the course of
discovery, and the few notes which I have added are chiefly drawn from the
communications of the able and amiable author addressed to myself
"Onorevole Signor Ingegnere Luigi Dott. Buzzi,
"In
Trieste."Il sig. D. M. ed Ella, distintissimo signor Ingegnere, ch'io per
inopinate combinazioni non ho potuto incontrare e conoscere in un mio
recente passaggio per
Trieste, mi hanno posto, per eccesso di benevolenza,
in un grave impiccio di fronte ai lettori del Cittadino. Mi
riferisco alle lettere che si sono scambiate a riguardo mio nei
n.ri
26 e 28 del detto giornale.
"Io non sono uno scienziato, non sono un paleo-etnologo; non lo sono
assolutamente. Delle scienze io ne so appena quanto occorre per non averne
pretesa — Però la coscienza del mio scarso sapere non mi rende pusillo,
nò mi ha tolto mai il senso del mio dovere. Quindi sono ben lontano
dal negare o nascondere cose che possano comunque giovare e in generale
alla scienza, e in particolare alla storia del mio paese, che amo tanto. E
a dimostrarle co' fatti la mia franchezza, e insieme il vivo mio desiderio
di stringere rapporti con Lei che mostrasi così addentro nei nuovi studii,
le esporrò candidamente non solo le mie qualunque scoperte, ma ad un tempo
anche la via per la quale vi sono arrivato.
[386] "Il rinvenimento affatto accidentale di una importante lapida romana seguito or sono molti anni in
Albona mia terra natale,
m'invogliò alla ricerca di cose
antiche, prima nell'agro Albonese, poi anche in altre
parti della provincia. Fatto attento dalle dotte elucubrazioni
archeologiche del D.r Pietro Kandler, viddi che
l'Istria tutta fu all'epoca della dominazione romana coperta da una rete
dì fortilìzii e vedette poste su per le
tante sue alture a guardarne il comune alpino, i porti,
le cittadi, le vie, ad avvisare pericoli, a propagare notizie. Ma visitato
poi partitamente un rilevante numero
di coteste rovine negli agri di
Albona,
Cherso, Volosca,
Pisino,
Pola,
Dignano,
Rovigno e
Parenzo, viddi
o mi parve di vedere, che non tutte sono cosa romana,
che in alcune anzi nulla v'ha di propriamente romano
o d'altro popolo che possa dirsi civile, che in altre
sotto lo strato romano v'è qualche cosa di ben più antico, di assai più
antico di quasi ciclopico, a non dir
primitivo; viddi, o mi parve di vedere, in parecchie di
esse le ultime orme di un popolo antichissimo, povero
di bisogni e di mezzi, rozzo, selvaggio, che non aveva
l'uso del metallo, che viveva, pare, all'aperto e si trincierava in
piccoli gruppi o tribù sulle cime delle montagne, di preferenza sulle più
alte. (19)
"Nata in me questa idea, non visitai più rovina
montana senza portarne a casa qualche seguo materiale.
Così ho fatto su, quasi senza accorgermi, una buona
messe di manichi, di fondi, di labri, di altri frammenti
di vasi assai grossolani, e due vascoli intieri, ed altri
cocci male impastati, non cotti al fuoco o mal cotti,
misti o d'argilla biancastra, e di terra rossa locale, di
sabbia, e d'abbruciaticcio, e insieme alcuni pezzi di
pietra levigati, arrotondati, quasi partì od avanzi di piccole molle a
mano, poi qualche osso anche fesso, e qualche altra pietra ridotta a forme un po' regolari; finalmente
mi capitò fra le mani una piccola ascia o scure di pietra nera durissima,
lavorata con giustezza di proporzioni.
Tutto questo prima del 1859.
"Trasferitomi altrove, raccomandai la raccolta
comprendente qualche saggio di breccia ossifera, buona
copia di petrificati, alghe, conchiglie, monete romane e
venete, mobili antichi, pergamene ed altri cimelii, raccomandai, dico, ad
un mio carissimo parente ed amico,
il signor Antonio Scampicchio, che accolse tutto e conservò con
gelosissima cura in casa sua.
"Nell'autunno del 1876, no potuto rivedere la
terra natale e le mie raccolte, ma l'amico non più. (20)
Però trovai vivente il suo spinto nei figli di lui, i quali
anzi non contenti di conservare, vollero continuare la
mia raccolta. L'avvocato Antonio, che particolarmente si
diede allo studio delle cose naturali, s'adopera a completare la
collezione locale dei petrificati e tien dietro
con passione alle più recenti scoperte paleontologiche
ed antropologiche.
"In una prima gita fatta assieme a
Fianona raccogliemmo un elmo di rame
e un amuleto di bronzo,
che il chiarissimo dottor Kandler ha giudicato anteriori
a Giulio Cesare, non romani, probabilmente liburnici,
che è a dire italici antichi. L'amuleto o che altro sia,
fatto in un modo da stare appeso, rappresenta un quadrupede a collo lungo, che per le apparenze e la mossa,
dovrebbe essere classificato fra i cani, ma che non ha
vero riscontro nelle specie viventi.
"L'autunno seguente (1868), ritornato in Istria,
fui ancora più fortunato. Ricuperai dalle mani di un
contadino in Vermo, distretto di
Pisino, una punta di
freccia di selce simile a quella del vicentino. È di perfettissima
conservazione, ed ha la forma e le dimensioni
precise di quella che il chiarissimo [Paolo] Lioy
[1836-1911] dà disegnata
nel testo della sua Escursione sotterra e che fu riprodotta in altre
pubblicazioni.
"Da cosa vien cosa. Riseppi allora che nello stesso agro di
Vermo furono
dissotterrati molti anni addietro altri ed altri oggetti di
cotto, di rame, di bronzo, i quali finirono non si sa dove. Ultimo avanzo
di questi ebbi per gentilezza un cavalluccio di rame, rimarchevole
anch'esso per il collo lungo oltre il naturale delle specie viventi.
"La punta di freccia (21) ritrovata ia terreno recente
dev'essere venuta giù colle acque dai poggi circostanti, poggi ch'io ho
visitato, ma che non potei ricercare [387] ancora in tutte le loro parti così da
riescire a risultati sicuri. Intanto il fatto della freccia mi animò a
spingere innauzi le mie ricerche.
"Il suolo dell'Istrìa è perforato non solo da grande
numero di profonde voragini, ma anche da autri e caverne praticabili ed
abitabili. — Pensai che importerebbe visitare e frugare ad una ad una
almeno quest'ultime che in esse forse potrebbero nascondersi traccio
e avanzi di epoche ancora più remote e veramente selvaggie.
"Fecimo coll'amico Scampicchio delle ricerche, impegnammo altri amici ad
estenderle e moltiplicarle, ma
ancora non ci arrise il desiderato segnale. Non disperiamo. Gli uomini
dell'età della pietra, dei quali si
hanno, come vede, indizii non dubbi nell'Istria, non saranno già cascati
qui dal cervello di Giove belli ed
armati. Insistendo ci si arriverà, ci si deve arrivare.
"L'ultimo autunno (1869), potemmo fare qualche
escursione sull'isola di
Cherso. Nelle vicinanze di
Vrana,
donde avevo avuti i primi saggi di breccie ossifere, ne
trovammo altri ed altri ricchi sopra tutto di denti. Poi
n'ebbimo di più rari tratti dalle parti dei
Lussini. In
uno di questi v'è un notevole miscuglio di grossi denti
d'animale e di denti minori ch'io non oso dire d'uomo.
È un esemplare che vuol essere giudicato da chi ha
famiglialità colla anatomia comparata. — Finalmente,
accompagnato da egregie persone pratiche dei luoghi,
sono sceso nelle caverne di Ghermosal, non lungi dal
canale di Ossero, già descritte dall'illustre Naturalista
Alberto Fortis nel suo Saggio di Osservazione sopra
l'isola di Cherso ed Ossero, Venezia, 1771.
"Molti accusarono il
Fortis di esagerato, poetico, visionario. Facile il
dirlo, ma io colla scorta del suo libro ho colto la natura per così dire in flagranti,
nell'atto cioè che forma e consolida la pasta ossifera chiusa
fra strati di pietra. La descrizione eh' ci fa di dette caverne è così
esatta, ch'io e i miei compagni possiamo
dire di aver posto il piede e la ma.no ove egli lo pose.
Ma i cent'anni corsi dalla sua esplorazione sono un
giorno nella vita della natura. Tolta forse in qualche
tratto l'ultima superficialissima crosta, ogni cosa nelle
caverne è oggi appunto com'era ai tempi del
Fortis. La scienza invece ha
percorso un immenso stadio, ma oggi, se fosse vivo il
Fortis certo sarebbe
coi primi.
"A
Cherso ci dissero che nelle famiglie dei contadini si tengono come
infallibile guarentia contro il fulmine certi pezzi di pietra nera che
dalla descrizione dovrebbero essere altrettante armi o stromenti dell'età
della pietra. Osservarono altri che lo stesso avviene in altre parti
dell'Istria e specialmente sul Carso. Non è facile accertarsene perchè la
cieca superstizione impone, dicesi, al possessore di fame mistero. Pur
cerca e ricerca saltò fuori, precisamente in
Cherso, una accetta di pietra
nera poco dissimile da quella ritrovata molti anni addietro sui monti di
Albona.
"Per ultimo nello scavo di un canale a
Pola sono
stati estratti con altre ossa dei grossi denti ai quali
pur giova prestare attenzione.
"La punta di freccia, le due ascie, uno dei denti
trovati a Pola, avuto dal signor G. Seraschin e alcuni esemplari di
breccia ossifera con varietà di denti, tengo al momento presso di me per
istudii e confronti: tutto il resto che ho accennato di sopra esiste in
Albona.
"Queste cose furono in parte narrate dalla Provìncia che si
stampa a
Capodistria, e ne fu toccato di volo anche in qualche articolo
del Dizionario Corografico dell'Italia che stampa il Vallardi,
sotto la direziono del prof. Amati in Milano.
''Prima che ad altri io desideravo di comunicar
tutto ciò di persona al chiarissimo prof. Lioy, ma nell'occasiono cui
sembra coler alludere il sig. D. M. ebbi
la sfortuna di non ritrovarlo a Vicenza e quindi i
confronti tra le cose Istriane e le Vicentine ho dovuto
instituirli al Museo senza il dotto concorso di lui.
"Non ne ho dato poi comunicazione formale a
Corpi scentifici, perché voleva prima portare a compimento una serie
ordinata di osservazioni e confronti,
indispensabili a dedurre conseguenze veramente concludenti e accettabili
dalla scienza.
"Ma giacché ella, esimio signor ingegnere, e il
sig. D. M. colla lora gentile pressione mi hanno fatto
rompere un riserbo che mi parea doveroso; oggi deposto ogni riguardo mio
personale, dirò intiero il mio
pensamento.
"Penso che la punta di freccia avuta a Vermo
di Pisino, e le due ascie di
Albona e di
Cherso appartengano alla terza
età della pietra; — penso che i
cocci e gli altri oggetti in pietra repeliti e reperibili
sulle cime di alcuue montagne dell'Istria; possano [388] corrispondere all'epoca
delle abitazioni lacustri o siano
posteriori di poco; — penso che le abitazioni lacustri
o palafitte non siano mancate in Istria, paese che e
per le sue posizioni al mare, e per le conformazioni di
alcune interne vallate, vi si doveva prestare benissimo,
ma parmi che non siano da ricercarsi per ora alle sponde
del Quieto, dell'Arsa o del suo
Lago, dove l'enorme
quantità di terra calata giù dai monti colle acque dovrebbe averle assai
profondamente sepolte, sì piuttosto
in altre valli all'interno e lungo la doppia marina; —
penso finalmente che le numerose caverne del suolo
istriano visitate e frugate con diligenza debbano fruttare importanti
rivelazioni, se non alla scienza, certo
alla storia del nostro paese.
"Molto di questo non è oggi che ipotesi, ma è
ipotesi confortata dai fatti.
"Oltre le cose accennate più sopra, sta il fatto
che anche il sig.
Carlo De Franceschi, Segretario della
Giunta provinciale, ha trovato sopra non so qual colle
del Parentino un cucchiaio di argilla biancastra, a corto
manico, rozzamente conformato, e come pare, cotto al
sole, — e che il signor Ingegnere Pietro Dottor Madonizza di
Capodistria
tiene una ruota pure di cotto
grossolano rinvenuta in una delle valli vicine. Non pretendo che cotesta
ruota sia appunto un indizio di abitazioni lacustri in quella valle, — non
corro sì lapido, — pure essa non è arnese romano, né balocco moderno.
Ora in questi casi bisogna attaccarsi a ogni filo e prima
di affermare o negare, bisogna cercare, indagando argutamente tenacemente
le prove. Io oggi non affermo
in. modo assoluto, bensì espongo e propongo, contento
abbastanza di poter offrire qualche non ispregevole indizio ad una scienza
positiva che in pochi anni ha dissepolto un mirabile complesso di fatti,
la luce dei quali sperdendo tenebre addensate da secoli giova e gioverà
sempre più alla ragionata indipendenza e quindi alla vera grandezza dello
spirito umano.
"Le presenti mie confessioni l'avranno di certo persuaso ch'io non sono
un paleontologo, nè un paleo-etnologo: posso io sperare di più? ch'esse la
spingano a visitare la piccola ma interessante Istria? Visitandola a parte
a parte, Ella s'accorgerà di cose che da
Trieste non vedensi abbenchè
Istria e Trieste sieno uno stesso paese. Desidero che possa farlo. — Ella
troverà non solo in
Albona, ma in ogni Terra dell'Istria persone
premurosissime di accompagnarla nelle sue escursioni, e per agevolartene
il non facile compito, e per apprendere da lei il modo più sicuro di fare
e di proseguir le ricerche. A Pisino non tralasci di vedere il così detto
Castellier dei Bertossi. Le sarà guida il signor
Antonio Covaz, che intende egregiamente a studii geologici e segue
con grande fiducia i progressi della scienza nuova.
Questo è, onorevole signor Ingegnere, tutto il più ch'io possa oggi
dirle delle cose mie e delle cose dell'Istria relativamente alle età della
pietra. Ne metta a parte, prego, il sig. D. M. e, se lo vuole, anche i
lettori del Cittadino, Forse il vedere eh' io senza capitale di
scienza, colla sola buona volontà e un poco di perseveranza, anche in
mezzo a lunghe distrazioni ed interruzioni, sono pure riuscito a risultati
di qualche valore, forse, dico, incoglierà altri ed altri a proseguire, a
ripetere, ad allargare le avviate ricerche e così la mia ipotesi sarà o
ampiamente confermata dai fatti, o ridotta entro più giusti confini. Se
non ci avrò guadagnato io, che non importa affatto, ci avrà guadagnato la
scienza, la storia, il paese che importa moltissimo.
|
'Gli errori stessi
Giovan sovente a dar più lume al vero.' |
"Grato infino alle cortesi, troppo cortesi, espressioni che ha voluto
usare a mio riguardo senza ancora conoscermi di persona e desiderosissimo
di fare appunto la personale di lei conoscenza, chiudo oggi collo
attestarle la mia ammirazione e coll'augurarle la letizia di qualche
importante scoperta qui nel nostro bene amato paese.
Venezia, febbrajo, 1870.
[389] The example of these
eminent men has done some little towards abating the exclusive rule of the
Almighty Florin, the pure and simple worship of the Golden Calf, at
Trieste. Amongst the little band led by them was the late Dr. Carlo
Buttazone, whose immature death at the age of 39 is still deplored. Born
at
Trieste in 1833, he took the degree of LL.D. at Vienna and, returning
home in 1869, he began practice in the town of
Trieste. But he preferred
the historico-archeologic department of study to all professional
pursuits, and he devoted himself for life to illustrating the past of
Trieste, Istria, and Friuli. His extensive reading, his perspicacity, and
a fine critical spirit won for him the applause of experts, and he has
left a heap of manuscripts, which will, I hope, see the light in the pages
of the Archeografo Triestino. (22)
Another eminent scholar is Dr. (LL.D.) Carlo Gregorutti, of
Trieste, also
an advocate; he is at present unfortunately incapacitated by illness from
pursuing his interesting studies. This snort compendium, you will
perceive, hurries over a subject which for adequate treatment would
require more time and space than you can afford. Suffice it to show that
Trieste has a right to be proud of her sons.
Part II. — Visit to the Castellieri.
And first of the name. The Italian population of the cities and towns
apply indifferently to this class of ruins the terms Castellaro and
Castelliere (old castle); the latter is a corruption of the corrupt and
"dog-Latin" Castellerium. The Veneto-Italian dialect contracts the word to
Castillier and Casteller. (23) The mixed Slav-speaking
peoples of the hamlets and the country parts use some form of grâd,
a fenced town, e.g., starigrad (old town), graddaz, gradina
(the ruins of an old town), or gradischia. (24)
As a rule, they are eminently ignorant of remains lying within a few
paces of their doors, and the unwary inquirer will often be led for a
quarter of an hour — that is to say, an hour and a quarter, if not more —
through thorns and over natural tumuli of limestone, to see some crumbling
Venetian castle, which has always been destroyed by "Attila sævissimus."
[390] Dr. Kandler having determined the
Castellieri to be Roman camps,
so disposed his "rete" that two points were always in sight for
convenience of signalling, and provided many eminences with buildings,
which, according to the best local observers, never existed. The
experienced eye can always detect at a distance the traces of an earthen
ring or ellipse formed by levelling the summit, and the gradual rises of
the roads, or rather ramps, which are as a rule comparatively free from
tree and thicket. A nearer inspection shows a scatter of pottery, whose
rude and sandy paste contrasts sharply with the finished produce of the
Roman kilns, and the more homogeneous materials of modern times. It would
be easy to collect a ton weight of these fragments: I forward a few for
the satisfaction of brother Anthropologists. The tracing is defined by an
unmistakable sign, the black earth, which stands out so clearly from the
surface of "Red Istria."(25)
The effect of ashes and offal, of débris and ruins, our
terricio nero seems, in irregular and detached spots to prevent any
growth but coarse grass and dwarf thorny shrubs. In a previous publication
("Unexplored Syria," i. 55), I have dwelt upon the facility which this
"black malm," this rotten dark soil, affords in demarking the outlines of
ruined cities, which, like Ba'albek and Palmyra, Tyre and Sidon, once
occupied ten times the extent of their modern successors. Lastly, the
existence of the
Castellieri as prehistoric, not Roman, ruins is
established by the discovery of stone weapons.
Upon the fringing ridges of the peninsula, the more enduring lime stone
walls of the
Castellieri generally define the enceinte. But in the
interior, where the defences were made of the easily degrading sandstone,
the chief guides are the earthen scarp, the pottery, the black earth, and
the stone implements. Let us hope that increased activity may presently
bring to light crania and bones which shall enable us to determine the
race that occupied these interesting remains.
As a rule, the
Castellieri crowned the summits of the detached conical
hills and mounds, which, though moraine does not exist, appear to have
been raised and turned by glacial action. Another favourite site was the
Col or Pass; a third was the buttress or loop-shaped projection of the
escarpment (the Icelandic muli, the [391]
Scotch Mull), which forms the banks and the ravines of the
barathra or foibe.(26) Hence the peculiar appearance of many Istrian
towns, such as Pedena and Galignana, which have been built upon these
prehistoric sites. Viewed from below, they appear to be perched upon the
summits of inaccessible rock walls. A crow's nest, with a stick driven
through it, is the only object they suggest from afar, and they wear a
peculiarly ghostly look, like the phantoms of settlements, when seen
through the mists of a dark evening. Nor can they be called villages: they
are towns in miniature, castles, and, in fact, not unlike the "Hof" which
represented Vienna before 1856.
The cold heights preferred by some villages — for instance, that on the
Monte Zucchero (or Sissol?), a southern prolongation of
Monte Maggiore, —
would show that the people had modes of defence against inclement weather.
All, however, are not on high ground; the remains of a
Castelliere are
shown upon the low levels between the hamlet of
Chersano (Carsianum?)
and Lake Cepich (Lacus Arsia), Istria's only lake. Nor are they
confined to the continent; e.g., two are found, according to Dr.
Kandler, upon the greater of the
Brioni Islands, and two in Sant'Andrea
and San Giovanni on the sea south of
Rovigno.
The enceinte was double, except where the approach, inaccessible to the
spoiler, rendered one rampart sufficient, and the shapes were very
irregular, being determined by the accidents of ground. Usually the front
rested upon a cliff or rapid slope, and the typical formation of the whole
is shown in plates 8, 9, & 10.
The whole peninsula was at one time scattered over with these villages,
and Fate has treated them with her usual caprice. Some have been carried
off bodily, especially those lying near the lines of [392]
modern roads. Others are in process
of disappearance, being found useful for villages, and on the heights for
the rude huts of the shepherd and the goatherd.(27) But where situation,
which determines the " Eternal Cities of the World," — Damascus, for
instance, — was favourable, the
Castelliere, as at
Pisino, (28) became
successively a castle, a hamlet, and a town, with the fairest prospect of
being promoted to the honours of cityhood. On the other hand, Muggia
Vecchia, in the Back Bay of
Trieste, has in turn been a castle and a
church-town, and now it is a ruin, whilst its neighbour, the
Castellier
degli Elleri is utterly broken, and Antignano is still a village. The
chapel, as a rule, seems to have been a very natural sequence, and thus we
can account for the fondness for high places which seems here to have
possessed the ecclesiastical mind.
The following list of fifteen
Castellieri in the territory of the
Albona, which occupes the south-eastern part of the Peninsula, shows the
total to be considerable. It was given to me by Dr. (LL.D.) Antonio
Scampicchio, who warns me that the principal sites which hold out hopes of
prehistoric remains may be reduced to five or six.
- Cosliacco (i.e.j Costa de Lago, viz.,
Cepich and the Roman
Caprinium 1) al Castello, usually known as the
Castelliere di Monte
Zucchero. The latter must not be confounded with the height of the same
name near Pola.
- Gradina di Cosliacco, on the way which leads from Villa Vosilli
towards Fianona; this does not include the
Castelliere between
Chersano
and the lake.
- Sumber (in the Austrian military map, which abounds in name errors,
Sumberg) upon the eastern escarpment of the upper Canale or Val d'Arsa
(the Latin Arsia), to the left (west) of the road leading from
Albona to
Pedena. On the other side of the great ravine is the
Castelliere of Oritz,
a village about an hour's walk south-south-east of Pedena.
- Gradina, near Sumber.
- Starigrad dai Rusich, lower down on the eastern escarpment of the
Val d'Arsa, in the territory of Vettua d'Albona; here was found an axe of
fine black stone.
[393]
Punta di Santa Croce, near Zamparovizza (map, Tzemparoviza), at
San Martino, also in Vettua d'Albona, and east of the Val d'Arsa, the
gorge that divided Italy from Liburnia.
Gradaz, near the mouth of the Canale dell"Arsa, over the Valle dei
Toni near Point Ubas or Ubaz, the eastern jaw of the Fjord, in the Commune
of Cerrovizza d'Albona.
Gradina, in the wood of Punta-Ubas, opposite Castelvecchio, which
lies west of the Arsa Fjord. It is also in the Commune of Cerrovizza
d'Albona.
Gradina, near S. Gallo d'Albona, about a mile and a half south -east
of the latter city.
Cunzi, which, being the best preserved of all the Istrian ruins,
shall presently be described in detail
Punta di Portolungo an inlet and port south-south-east of
Albona.
Here, they say, are found Roman remains in the shape of built tanks and a
strong wall. (29)
13, 14, 15. Four ruins of
Castellieri, on the heights between Fianona
(the old Roman port and castle of Flanona, which gave a name to the Sinus
Flanaticus, near Quarnaro) and Zagorie i.e., behind the Gora or mountain).
This list does not include
Albona itself, where several prehistoric
implements were found, nor the Gradina of Moschienizze in the Commune of
Volosca, north of
Albona. The latter can hardly be visited without the
guidance of Sig. Tomassich, the civil and obliging innkeeper of
Moschienizze, the village which fronts the beautiful Quarnaro gulf.
And now bidding adieu to generalities, I will describe my late
excursions in company of an old friend, Charles H. Williams, late of
Bahia, to the half-dozen prehistoric buildings on the east and west of the
Istrian Peninsula.
My second visit to
Albona was so far unfortunate that Dr. Scampicchio
was absent, being one of the deputies of the Istrian Diet at
Parenzo. His
brother, however, kindly sent with us an "indicatore," Marcos Juricich,
who had some personal knowledge of the places about the Commune. After a
glorious November morning, which whitened the valleys with hoar-frost, and
which showed sea and sky blue and clear as in the arid regions about the
Red Sea, we descended the zigzag road of
Albona, and struck
north-north-eastwards to the
Cunzi hillock. It is a dwarf lumpy chine,
about a mile long, disposed north-north-east to south-south-west, with
lower lands on all sides. At this season the oaks, the scrub, and the
blackberry bushes which here affect the neighbourhood of walls and rocks,
are of a dull bistre hue, contrasting with the verdure of the Dolomitic
valleys, the lighter brown of the hill curtain over Fianona, and the
French-grey heights [394] of the local Chimborazo, Monte
Maggiore, whose crater-like summit, assuming, from certain rhumbs, the
figure of "Arthur's Seat," forms the background. The
Cunzi hillock is
crowned northwards by Krisni-brek (Cross-hill), a tree-grown
conelet, which acts mile-post to the ruins. A Roman road
defines the
inland face; the outline is also traced out by an unfinished macadam.
The hill flank facing
Albona is covered with heaps of stone, connected
and detached: the latter suggest that the vineyard-huts, especially
remarked about Pola, may be the relics of older forms. They are
oven-shaped; the walls are of dry calcareous fragments, and flagstones,
overlapping and unsupported by posts, compose the roofs — about Hums and
Hamah, I last saw similiar dwellings. Two grassy slopes, in places bearing
signs of pavement, gently ascend the south-south-western flank, but the
whole approach wants surveying. As the thickets are cut down every six or
seven years, it will offer an excellent opportunity for a detailed plan.
After crossing sundry dry-stone walls dividing the property of the
Barons Lazzarini from the upper part, which belongs to the Depangher
family, we came in sight of the ruins, and all my visions of Nurhags and
Talayots were rudely dispersed.
The Castelliere di Cunzi, (30) stands upon the brow of a slope rather
than a cliff; and its frontage-wall has disappeared. The distance is about
three-quarters of a linear geographical mile from the whitewashed and
conspicuous steeple of
Albona, which bears from it 250° mag. Its builders
certainly had an eye for beauty like Carthusians. In front lies the
shallow and fertile valley of Ripenda, which is also the name of the
Commune or Gemeinde, bounded by a tongue of land, at whose tip appears a
stripe of ultramarine sea carrying many a boat. About 1,200 feet below
(31) and to the right, or south-east, lies the snug cove of Rabatz
(Rabaz), the "marina" of the little old republican capital, whose ivy-clad
castle walls may be seen through the thin wood. Beyond the Farasina or
western canal of the great Quarnaro (32) gulf, lies tall
Cherso (Crexa?),
the Capri of the glorious bay of
Fiume, and a white patch denotes its
capital (142° magnetic). To the south-south-east (175° N.), rises Monte
Ossero, a regularly-formed pyramid, at the extremity of Lussin island; and
the eastern background, high towering in [395] jagged summits against the cloudless sky, is the grand curtain of the
Dalmatian mountains, the jagged Dinarian Alps; whilst the quaint mural
crest of Monte Maggiore forms the northern horizon.
 |
| Sketches 1 and 2. |
The brow of the fronting slope bends gently from northeast and
south-west to south-west-and-by-west, and the whole length of the frontage
in round numbers is 325 feet. At the edge begin the double walls, which
gradually diverge till, at the north-north-western part of the oval
furthest removed from the cliff, they leave an interval of 50 feet.
Commencing at the north-eastern end, the inner enceinte, after 95 feet,
shows a regular entrance, which is best explained by the accompanying
sketch (No. 1), taken upon the spot. Some are of opinion that this most
important feature is modern, but I failed to detect any traces of
restoration, except about the crest, and in the proper right staple; the
latter had been piled up with small stones to a height of 13 feet, when
six or seven would amply suffice.(33) Thirty feet more led to a gap (No.
l),not a gate, and beyond it 145 feet showed us a second gap (No. 2 in the
plan) opening to the north-northwest, which may or may not have belonged
to the original. The southern arc measured 330 feet, and the total
circumference was 565, whilst the diameter of the inner enceinte, from
east to west, amounted to 250 feet. (34) The terre pleine showed a thick
growth of young oaks and scrub, with natural slabs of limestone; neither
here nor elsewhere did we see any loose heaps of smaller stones suggesting
that the habitations were anything but the spoils of the neighbouring
woods. There was a clear grassy space round the greater part of the inner
walls answering to a rampart in modern fortification.
When laying out the village, the crest of the cone or buttress was
evidently cut away in one or more places, leaving part of the original
earth-slope to form the parapet-base. Upon this foundation were planted
large blocks of limestone, sometimes measuring two cubic yards, in
tolerably regular order, "muros seccos," invariably without mortar
(malta), and never of cut nor worked blocks; the tout ensemble
formed a rough architecture of the style commonly called Cyclopean. The
inner thickness of the parapet was apparently filled with smaller stones,
and the thickness varied from 18 to 31 ft. near the north-north-western
gap. The inner scarp was steep and clean of rubbish; the outer or counter
scarp, disposed at the natural angle, was covered, for about 30 feet
(sketch No. 2), with mossy stones, which have slipped, or been thrown from
their position, and the
Cunzi, like the other ruins, was closely invested
by a thick growth of scrub and thorns. The enceinte between the outer and
inner walls was mostly grass-grown, and here I should suggest were kept
the cattle and goats belonging to the villagers. In the space [396]
between the two, old Marcos
showed us a circular digging which a "Prussian" had attempted; he assured
us that it yielded scant results.(35) The black earth and broken pottery
here as usual dotted the wall, and at the Museo Scampicchio I was shown
twenty-three fragments, (36) whose finer paste suggested Roman origin. Two
earthern vessels were also found; the double-handled specimen may be of
Latin make; the badly-baked single-handled pot is probably of earlier
date. (37)
I cannot end this sketch of the
Castelliere di
Cunzi without an
expression of gratitude to the Depangher family, whose enlightened care of
the ruin has preserved it from the plundering which has afflicted its
neighbours with the "abomination of desolation."
The next
Castelliere which we visited was on the right of the highway
from Vragna the Raven, (38) across the Col of
Monte
Maggiore, leading to
Fiume. A great gash in the western flank of the mountain bears upon its
right lip the little settlement of Stara-Vragna (Vragna Vecchia), the
Roman Aurania, and near it a "Mull," a loop-shaped buttress, with a narrow
neck, was pointed out to us. (39) The ruins of a castle, probably
Venetian, here concealed all traces of the
Castelliere — if ever there was
one. But higher up, near a farm-house known as "Nezegl" (Nezelj a
Priceyk), we saw the arc of an enceinte whose slope nearly readied the
right of the road: it offered nothing new.
Our third excursion in the neighbourhood of
Albona was to Dubrova, a
large country house belonging to a family of wealthy landed proprietors,
the Barons Lazzarini. Our guide on that occasion was Sig. Ernesto
Nacinovich, who had hospitably invited us to take up our quarters for the
night at his father's house in Santa Domenica. A walk of about twenty
minutes to the north-north-east, up a rise garnished with the usual scrub
and thorns, placed us at the large settlement whose northern part is
called Stermatz, and the southern Stari-grad. This
Castelliere faces the
shallow Prodol valley; it has been almost destroyed, and its only point of
interest is the adaptation of the irregular enceinte to the exigencies of
the ground. (40)
[397] Before leaving
Albona we inspected the Museo Scampicchio,
and found some interesting specimens of stone weapons. All were of the
polished category popularly called neolithic, and indeed throughout
Istria, which is utterly deficient in flint, I have seen nothing of the
ruder, if not older, type. With the kind permission of the owner, tracings
were made, and the following is a list of the most important articles.
None of them presented any novelty of shape, and, as usual, they were
mostly composed of stone which is not produced in the country. These tools
and weapons seem to have travelled as far as cowries.
- The two arrow-heads of silex, one with, and the other without, a
tang (see Plate 9); were found in a kitchen midden at Vermo, near
Pisino, and Sig. Antonio Covaz lately showed me a third from the same
place. Vermo has supplied land and sea shells evidently used for food,
and the split bones of mammalia, bound in a calcareous matrix, and
forming an ossiferous breccia. (41)
- The tracing in plate 9, of course "life size," is that of the
magnificent greenstone axe, the largest specimen of its order exhibited
at the Anthropologico-Archæological congress
of Bologna. It has been for half a century in the
Luciani-Scampicchio
family, which it has happily and effectually protected from the
"thunderbolt."
-
Albona itself has supplied five specimens, a pestle or rubbing stone
of pyramidal shape; a black axe, which might serve as a touchstone; a
small and very graceful axe of greenstone; a third of similar material
with a sharp edge and the fragment of a fourth axe.
- From Pedena, evidently a prehistoric site, which has just built at
the expense of 12,000 florins a campanile (belfry), at least large
enough to lodge the whole village, were brought a fine axe of greenstone
and a polished edgeless cube, concerning whose use I am doubtful.
- An axe from
Parenzo.
- A polished fragment from
Fianona.
- An axe from Cherso Island. [398]
- A polished black stone from
Chersano, apparently
an axe, but partly of adze shape.
After bidding adieu to our kind hosts we drove over to
Pola, which my
companion wished to visit, and passed a pleasant day mostly at the I.R.
Naval Club, in company with our compatriot Commander J. William Greaves,
and his brother officer, Captain Edward Germonnig, both of the I.R.
Austrian Navy.(42) Thence we travelled (43)
by unpleasantly devious roads up the western coast of the "Eastern
Piedmont," greatly enjoying the change of climate. We had endured two days
of winter, ending in torrents of rain with thunder and vivid lightning,
and one of melancholy grey sky and furious north-easter, which, cooled by
the snows of the
Monte
Maggiore and the "Tschitschen
Boden," might have been claimed by the coast of Essex. But on the
western shore there is a delicious atmosphere, cold, clear, and calm,
reminding me of Upper Sind in the north-east monsoon season. "Blustering
Boreas,'
which on December 7th, 1873, upset a coach, and overturned a train of five
carriages near
Fiume, killing three and wounding eight passengers, here
ceased his bullying, and the only symptom of his course across the bleak
and barren highlands of Styria was a pellucid sky, with the driest and the
most bracing air. The aspect of the Adriatic, and the forms of the
shelving rocky shores, suggested to both of us reminiscences of Malta at
its very best.
At Rovigno, the largest city of Istria, far-famed for a modern (A.D.
1725) and somewhat barbarous Basilica of SS. George and Euphemia, a find
had lately been made in a cave which supplies Roman remains; they had been
sent to Cav. Luciani, who
occupies in these regions the position won for himself by my friend,, Mr.
George Petrie, of Kirkwall (Orkneys). Thence a dreadfully devious road,
caused by the Canal de Lerne (Cullæus Limenis), which still awaits a
carriage ferry, led us to
Parenzo, the actual seat of the Istrian Diet. My
object in visiting this town was to obtain permission to copy the Rete de'
Castellieri left in manuscript by the late Dr.
Kandler. I hasten to say that
my application was at once successful. The Provincial Captain of Istria,
Sig. Francisco Vidulich; the Vice-Captain, Dr.
Andrea Amoroso; and the
Secretary of the Diet, Sig.
Carlo de Franceschi,
an archaeologist who is carrying on Dr.
Kandler's work, immediately
supplied me with a card to Madame Giovannina Kandler-Branchi, the only
child of the venerable antiquary. On the [399] day after our
return to Trieste, the maps were placed at my disposal. Their great size,
a photograph of the Cadestrale map, and complexity of detail, render an
exact copy far too cumbrous and detailed for popular use. I, therefore,
requested Dr. Angelo Quarantotto, C.E., to insert what is requisite in the
printed map of Istria forwarded to you with this paper.
Parenzo, however, deserves to be visited for its own sake. It is
distinctly the most Roman city in the Peninsula. The Cloaca Maxima, some
five feet high, runs under the principal street, which is regular, and
lies parallel with the Marina; the temples of Mars and Diana still exist;
and two squares preserve the name of Prætorium, somewhat corrupted, and
Marforio or Forum Martis. All around it linger traces of Roman occupation;
the reefs of limestone are pitted with Sarcophagi, sundry of which face
east-west and with those square shallow basins (Vaschi), which Syria still
determines to be ancient oil presses, wine presses, and vats for preparing
lixivia. It is not a little startling to be shown the farm of Claudius
Pansa, as if that ancient worthy had just departed this mortal life. (44)
At Parenzo I was fortunate enough to find Dr. Antonio Scampicchio and
Sig. Antonio Covaz. The former introduced me to his kinsman, the Marchese
Gianpaolo de' Polesini. Excursions were hastily planned, and on the
afternoon of the same day we set out to visit Moncastello (i.e.,
Monte Castello), in the Cervera property, (45) belonging to the Marchese.
Driving along the shore, we reached the place in a sharp half-hour, and a
walk of a few minutes over low ground and up a dwarf rise took us to the
Castelliere. The accompanying plan, which I owe to the owner's courtesy,
will obviate the unpleasant necessity of description. Here the chief
novelty is that the Romans evidently occupied part of the prehistoric
site, whilst the nucleus is clearly shown by its warty hill.
Next morning we resolved to walk to Santangelo, which lies some
forty-five minutes south-east of
Parenzo, on a rise somewhat off the Roman
road. It is rendered conspicuous by the ruins of a comparatively modern
church, dedicated to the Invocation which gives it a name. This
Castelliere has the normal indications — grassy ramps, an earthen crest,
black soil, and an abundance of broken pottery; but there are certain
novelties of detail. The flat rocky plateau, with precipitous sides, where
the church stands, was apparently an acropolis or capitol, which required
no artificial defence, and the only sign of enceinte is on the lower slope
which ends the smooth terre pleine. To the north was a remnant of an
entrance, four slabs placed as steps, which might, however, have been made
for the convenience of pilgrims, but the traces of a gateway below
[400] the eastern crest suggested a much
older origin. A sarcophagus (lidless) was found cut in the rock rim of the
acropolis; it fronted east-south-east to west-north-west; the length was
1.80 m.; the greater breadth 0.60 m., and the lesser 0.51 m.
This portion of the Istrian seaboard is a smooth and gentle slope,
everywhere studded with natural tumuli of red earth, covering cretaceous
limestone, and again showing possible glacial action. The land is said to
be gradually subsiding, but I have as yet failed to find proof of this
process.(46)
The nearest wart to the north bears the name of Mordelle, and here
modern quarrying has obliterated many traces of the old
Castelliere; at a
distance the knobbed cone looks like a large modern fort. To the
south-east also rises the Pizzughi tumulus, whose notched outline and
ascending terraces at once reveal its quality to the experienced eye. Dr.
Kandler located other
"Roman camps" at Monghebbo and at San Servolo, the latter a fourth
tumulus; but the Marchese, who is familiar with the spot, absolutely
denies that any signs or traces of habitation are to be found there: the
same was said of Punta Grossa, the 4th point south-south-west of
Parenzo
along shore, and of the adjoining southern point where "Castelleria" are
also marked.
We returned to Trieste delighted with our tour; I fairly recommend our
example to those of my countrymen who are willing to undergo a modicum of
discomfort, especially the utter want of fireplaces and fires in winter.
The climate, which I have now tried in August and December, is healthy,
except in rare parts, and everywhere essentially temperate, as the
Persiate poet sings:
"Na garmi' sh garm o na sardi' sh
sard."
"The heat is not hot, nor its cold is cold." |
—And, as the Anonymus (Scymnus?) describes it
(382),
ov yàp ¥«$xr&ly)s obtf&yay
hpvyfxtyos.
"Non nivosus enim neque nimis frigidus." |
The roads are as a rule excellent, and horses and
mules are everywhere procurable for the bye-ways. In the chief towns,
whose actual aspect is that of the old Venetian cities, the interiors
often preserving the wild romantic cast which distinguishes the
pyramid-shaped fastnesses of the higher Apennines, inns of some kind are
invariably to be found. In the country quarters there may be difficulties
about bed and board, and "niente!" is often the answer to cosa
c'è da mangiare? The surly landlady at
Chersano informed M. de
Perrochel and myself that the house was occupied by herself, her husband,
her mother-in-law, her children, and a widow lady who happened to be
staying there, but that, as the weather was fine, we could sleep under a
tree. On the other hand, the good host and hostess of the Canfanaro inn
insisted, despite all my objections, in vacating the marital [401]
four-poster. The peasants were everywhere as remarkable for their
civility to strangers, as for their temperance and orderly conduct; they
show a variety of interesting types, and they preserve their picturesque
costumes, which everywhere vary. The townsfolk are not always so
courteous; the out-of-the-way places contain not a few "vadios" as the
Brazilians call them — mean whites, who mistake impudence for dignity —
and throughout the country there is a truly lamentable backwardness. The
unfortunate women of
Albona, like their prehistoric sisters, must fetch
and carry on their backs huge pails of water, because cisterns are
wanting, and the city is not supplied with the simplest mechanical means
for raising the necessary of life. I would specify Pinguente and Fianona,
where the burghers will laugh in the foreigner's face, carefully warning
the reader that nothing can be more courteous than the gentry. My lamented
predecessor (Charles Lever), wrote upon this point:— "There is probably no
prejudice so strong, so rooted, and so indelible in the hearts of the
masses, as the dislike of the stranger as stranger, and the desire to make
him feel as painfully as possible that, in every point on which he differs
from the natives in dress, manner, or demeanour, he is so far deviating
from the standard of all that is decent, proper, and becoming. The amount
of this feeling in a people is the best measure of their advancement in
civilization." I should not have noticed this point had not the conduct of
the Istrian bourgeois contrasted so painfully with the civility of
their own order throughout Italy, and with the bonhomie of the Slav
peasantry.
This backwardness, this sluggishness in progress is not confined to
Istria. It extends all along both shores of the Adriatic. Allow me briefly
to tell "the tale of the two cities," and to contrast their conditions in
the concisest way. (San Salvador da) Bahia, one of the many ports upon the
Brazilian sea-shore, was hardly invented, three centuries and a half ago.
Besides her railroads and her lines of steamers, she has two street
tramways, and she is proposing a third. She has a lift connecting
Basseville and Hauteville. She is building immense docks to increase the
convenience of her noble bay-harbour, and she has spent large sums in
bringing water to her doors, and building fountains, which are mostly
works of art.
Trieste dates as a city from the days of the Romans, and she
is the chief port and the great centre of commerce, the "Emporio
Mondiale," in the wealthy and powerful empire of Austria. She has not a
yard of street railway. A lift to the Carso has been proposed for years
without being begun. It is easy to walk to Opschina in an hour, about the
same time that the fastest mail train takes to reach il A tolerable
natural roadstead bids fair to be silted up because the lighthouse island
(Batteria Leuch-Thurm) has been connected with the main land by a dam
instead of arches; and a huge system of stone moles has blocked the bottom
of the bay, with a wilful waste of some sixteen millions of florins a sum
that must be doubled before the new port can be used. The Opera House is
old and unclean, fit only for a pauper country town, and the rich city
[402] rests content with the model
of a new theatre. The water supply, despite half a dozen projects proposed
since 1835, is a disgrace to a civilized community. And why?
Because a sterile politic occupies the immense amount of talent and energy
which should be devoted to progress; because inveterate party feeling,
which shows itself by throwing squibs and petards amongst women and
children, stands in the way of all improvement Upon every conceivable
proposal there are, and there must be, the well-packed bundles of opposite
opinions, and the unfortunate city, like the animal in the apologue, knows
not which way to turn. Yet
Trieste is a century in advance of Padua or
Verona.
It is not difficult, with the aid of old experience and a little
imagination, to restore the ancient savage condition of the settlement;
and the traveller, especially the African traveller, has the advantage of
having lived in prehistoric times. Tacitus says of the Germans, "Urbes
habitari satis notum est... vicos locant, non in nostrum morem, annexis et
cohærentibus edificiis; suam quisque domum spatio circumdat;" but here we
can allow only passages between the houses. Reasons have been given for
believing that the village was of wood and of thatch, rather than of
stone: "imbrem culmo aut fronde defendunt" (Senec de Prov.) and "casæ more
Gallico stramentis tectæ." We must prefer the conical or bee-hive-shaped
huts of the lower races to the squares and parallelograms which mark a
step in civilization. The walls of the enceinte or enceintes will be six
or seven feet high from without, and three or four within, allowing the
war-men to use their arrows, javelins, and sling stones; while a clear
space, where the youths keep guard with axe and spear and club, separates
the huts from the bulwark. The gateway or gateways will be closed by
fascines of thorns, especially the Spina Morocco (Paliurus aculeatus),
the Umm Ghaylan (Mughilan) of the Arabs, whose crooked armature
renders it a true "wait-a-bit," backed by tree-trunks forming stout
palisades. Tomasini allows trenches and wooden stockades, but the latter
are not necessary. The habitable area inside measures 24,000 (=200 by 120)
square feet, and allowing 200 to each hut, the village will contain a
total of 120 hearths. Reducing this number to 100, that there may be room
for yards and passages, which take the place of streets; and giving a
minimum of five to each household, we have for our village a posse
of some 150 fighting men, between the ages of 18 and 55. As the territory
of
Albona contains some twenty
Castellieri, the population of Eastern
Istria would not number less than 10,000 souls, if such term can be
applied to men who had only ghosts — sprites, not spirits. This means that
the inhabitants, though an alpine and ferocious race, supported themselves
by some form of agriculture; that deer, bears, and wolves were not rare in
the mountains, and that hares, foxes, badgers, and martens (Mustela
foina) were common on the plains, as they still continue to be. There
is no sign of a temple, the old Istrians, according to Lucian, worshipping
tree-trunks and rocks — rank Fetishism. Possibly, like the Germans of
Tacitus, they adored earth, or, like those of Cæsar, they venerated
[403] the sun, the moon, and fire ("Vulcan, Agni devta," &c). They
would have a determined creed as they advanced in civilization. At last,
according to Justin, (ix.?) the Istrianorum Rex fought the Scythians, and
compelled the latter to beg aid from Philip of Macedon. Moreover,
Martianus Heraclensis speaks of the "Thraces, Histri dicti," and we know
from Herodotus (v.?) that the Thracians, after the Indians, were
the greatest of barbarous nations. They penned their live stock between
the outer and inner walls, whose entrance or entrances they blocked up
with equal care. A total want of water-supply shows that the days of
sieges had not dawned, and that the simple act of taking refuge within the
enceinte determined the retreat of the attacking party.
I will now invite you to enter with me the prehistoric hut. It is
wigwam or sugar-loaf-shaped, the roof-tree being an oak felled by fire and
by the slow and painful labour of the stone-axe. The doorway, without
door, is between three and three and a half feet high, to ensure alternate
warmth and coolness and to defend from flies; it also acts chimney for the
smoky fire, which in wet weather is built anywhere upon the floor. The
genial blaze serves to clothe the inner thatch with a fine mellow hue, and
with long stalactites of soot, depending by way of ornament Another use is
to purify the ground, which, without an occasional coat of ashes, would be
intolerably unclean. There is no attempt at a partition dividing parents
from children; but our savage, who is certainly a polygamist, turns his
adult progeny out of doors as soon as possible; his wives may be tolerably
well conducted, but the less we say about his daughters the better.
Against the walls hang his weapons — his club, his spear, his bow and
arrows; with the latter he shoots his fish, and his catamaran of
beech-trunks, fastened with strips of hide, serves him for a canoe; his
fishing-lines are plaited by the women, possibly of hair, probably of flax
or tree-fibre. His stone pestle denotes the knowledge of some grain, which
he pounds and mixes with water, like the gofio of the Guanches.(47)
His salt-cellar is the sea; his pottery suggests the use of milk and
curds, oil, wine, and perhaps mead and hydromel. He has no stores — no
smoked nor sun-dried fish: he is improvident as he is omnivorous, at times
revelling in venison, turbot, and the glorious palinurus of these seas; at
other seasons supporting life by snail-shells, triturated bark, and
whatever is edible. Most probably he is a cannibal. All primaeval races
were anthropophagi, according to the tradition of their friends, except a
prehistoric village in Scotland, whose name I forget, but which has been
claimed (by Scotchmen) as an exception to the general rule. (48)
Unless famine [404] presses,
however, he devours only the dead bodies of his enemies. His cattle and
goats — perhaps he has sheep — supply him with bedding, and at times with
food; he and his family wear the skins, with the hairy side in — not out,
as is the absurd fashion of the highly civilized — and he tattoos,
especially on the chest and stomach, a "poor man's plaster," as a defence
against intemperate air. His only ornaments are the teeth of his enemies
and balls of red clay, worn like necklaces, the earlier form of the bead.
(49) His women are not wholly ignorant of spinning, and,
if so, they make fishing nets. He spends his time dozing in the sun or
sleeping near the fire, except when compelled by hunger to reap his corn,
to hunt, or to lift his neighbour's cattle, for which crime, if caught, he
will be duly knocked on the head and eaten.
A similar state of things may still be seen amongst the Orobii or
mountaineers of East-African Usagara: the latter, however, have abandoned
cannibalism, and have learned the use of metal.
Richard F. Burton, Vice-President Anthropological Society.
Trieste, December 9th, 1873.
P.S.—Shortly after this paper was written, Baron Carl von Czoernig
(Junior), of the Finance Department of
Trieste, favoured me with the proof
sheets of an able article which he has contributed to the Transactions of
the German Alpine Club, entitled "Rundtour um den Monte Maggiore, Die
Kohlengruben von Carpano, geschichtliche und vorgeschichtliche Notizen.
Von Carl Freiherrn von Czoernig;" it has been published in the
"Zeitschrift des Deutschen Alpenvereins." Redigirt von Dr. Karl
Haushofers. Jahrgang, 1873, Band iv., Heft 2, München, 1873. We have thus
written simultaneously and independently upon the subject of prehistoric
Istria, although Baron von Czoernig visited the sites before my second
excursion. Meanwhile, I have to thank my distinguished collaborateur for a
copy of his plan of the
Castelliere di
Cunzi, which I have thus been able
to compare with my own that is now offered to the readers of
Anthropologia.
Discussion.
Professor LEITNER said it was very gratifying to find that Captain
Burton had lost none of the vigour which had made him so deservedly
famous. The drawing exhibited seemed to him almost identical with one he
had seen of some Bhilsa topes; but he would not on that account throw out
anything like a suggestion of similarity between remains in such distant
parts of the world. Captain Burton [405] had not made it
clear to him whether these remains belonged to the Roman or the
prehistoric period. The paper was, however, very valuable as an
introduction to others, of which he understood it was only the first
chapter. He would say, in reference to the terms Etruscan and Turanian,
that they were constantly turning up; but when people wanted to
know what they meant, they could not find out, and if a large X,
signifying the unknown, were used instead, they would perhaps come nearer
the mark. He would confine the term Turanian to the plains of Tartary, and
Iranian to Persia; but Stone-henge, Buddhist monuments, and all
manner of things, were now called Turanian.
Mr. CARMICHAEL said that if he rightly understood the description given
of the
Castellieri in Captain Burton's paper, similarities might, he
thought, be traced to the hut circles in the valley of the Vibrata, on the
eastern slope of the Apennines, described by a writer in a work presented
to the members of the International Congress of Anthropology at Bologna in
1871, and also, perhaps, to the prehistoric dwellings in the Island of
Pantellaria, in the Mediterranean, which formed the subject of an article
in the Journal of the Italian Society for Anthropology and Ethnology. In
regard to the suggestion thrown out by Captain Burton that the inhabitants
of the
Castellieri were cannibals, Mr. Carmichael thought that, as an
addition to our knowledge of this obscure point in Anthropology, it might
have been interesting if any proof had been found on the spot; but that,
as far as the present paper went, no such proof appeared to exist. With
respect to the name "Castellieri," Mr. Carmichael thought it might be
worth while to mention that in Mediaeval Italian usage, as, e.g.,
in the contemporary biographies of St. Francis of Assisi, the word
"castelli,'' was applied to hamlets or villages, as well as to castles,
for it is constantly said that St. Francis went up and down the valleys of
Umbria, preaching in the towns and "castelli," or villages, and one of the
latest writers on this subject, Mrs. Oliphant, has drawn attention to that
usage in her life of St. Francis.
Mr. JEREMIAH, Jun., M.A.I., said that Captain Burton's paper was a very
valuable one, inasmuch as the prehistoric remains in Istria and the whole
of the eastern coast of the Adriatic have hitherto received but slight
attention from scientific Archaeologists. What seems to be an
important feature in the communication is the discovery of circular
remains of dwellings, which reminded him of the Cyttiau y Gwyddelad,
in Anglesey, and other western flanks of Penmaenmawr in North Wales,
as well as the bee-hive remains in Cornwall and the circular
dwellings in Ireland, which form, some antiquarians think, is indicative
of Celtic origin. But one must not forget that the only probability
is that the Celtæ may have adapted the circular form of
constructing their forts and dwellings from preceding people or peoples,
which, if the fact, renders this question one of the most difficult of
solution in the whole range of Prehistoric European Archæology. It may
even resolve itself into the simple statement that the alleged Celtic
circles, that is, the circles extant in places where the Celtæ undoubtedly
had [406] sway, are of comparatively recent origin,
and were adopted by post-Celtic people from the usage of their
predecessors, the sequence of ages becoming thus most difficult to
determine. On the other hand, if the circles are really Celtic, and were
used in the places where they occur by the Celta, then we shall
have to explain how they got into Istria, which, if satisfactorily
accomplished, will extend the known area of their former occupation
farther than Anthropologists have been wont to allow. The restoration of
hut circles by Captain Burton is, after all that may be said against it,
perfectly legitimate upon the evidences he has gathered during his
researches. But it forms a rather dangerous precedent, when the materials
at hand have not been thoroughly worked. It must be regretted that so much
collateral and irrelevant matter had been imported into an otherwise
extremely important paper. All true lovers of Archaeology must wish
God-speed to the gallant author in the pursuit of science, which
means the pursuit of truth.
Dr. CARTER BLAKE thought the present was one of the most important
papers which Captain Burton had contributed, and that it was purely
anthropological. The
Castellieri appeared to him to be most like the
structures which Mr. G. Tate had discovered in the Cheviot hills,
especially those at the foot of Hedgehope and at Yevering Bell. They were
unlike the hill forts of Sussex, inasmuch as the latter contained chipped
stone implements, but the Istrian remains entirely polished stone. He
believed that the remains from Pantellaria, to which Mr. Carmichael had
alluded, were more ancient still. The Anglesey remains were probably
merely Celtic, at least if the Towyn-y-Capel skulls were to be taken as a
test of the characteristic skull formation. He hoped that Captain Burton
would continue his explorations.
Mr. LEWIS said it would be sufficient for the mere Archaeologist to
know that the remains so admirably brought to their notice by Captain
Burton were ancient and curious, but the Anthropologist would ask whether
there were any such peculiarities about them as would identify them with
those of any other part of the world. So far as he could see, there were
no such peculiarities; resemblances, even to some of the British
entrenchments, there might be, but none such as might not have arisen from
accident. Captain Burton had accused the inhabitants of the
Castellieri of
polygamy, without, so far as he could see, any evidence to support him;
and he thought that no European people had ever been addicted to it,
abstinence from it being almost, if not quite, a racial characteristic
among them.
The President said the paper was especially interesting from the fact
that we have really no previous information on the subject. Neither Spon,
in his Italiänische Dalmatische Reise-Beschreibung,
nor Biasoletto, Viaggio nell'Istria, which records the travels of
the king of Saxony, nor the charming work of
Cassas,
Voyage Pittoresque
de l'Istria, give any account of the
Castellieri. Captain
Burton had made some queries on the local names, and had asked his (the
President's) opinion upon them. The word foiba might corrupt from
the Illyrian word [407] vârtba, which is translated
"speluncus;" or, as suggested, it might be from Latin fovea, or its
root, the Greek [Greek text]; or it may come from the same root as the
Gothic ahwa, i.e. aqua, prefixed by a digamma, or from
fluvius, like fiume from flumen. A Celtic origin of the name
Pola is improbable. The usual derivation is from Pietas Julia,
which is not more far-fetched than Fréjus and Friuli, from
Forum Julii; but Captain Burton thinks the passage in
Pliny,
"Pola, now Pietas Julia," proves that the appellation
Pola is more
ancient.
Pula is the Illyrian form of the name, and in that language
pol is half; polje, polja is a field; and pùklina is
rendered "foramen." Again, in old Italic in scriptions
Pola is used as
prænomen for Paula, like the masculine Polus for Paulus.
The wife of Lucan was named Argentana Polla; and in Cicero we
read of Servius Pola. There is a Pola river in Russia, and six
places in Spain in which the word Pola forms part; as Pola de
Allande. There is lake Paola, near Velletri; Paolo in
Calabria; Porto de Palo, near Siracusa; and a Porto Morto San
Paolo, a little north of Polain Istria. Others say the Colchians, sent
in pursuit of the Argonauts, not being able to fulfil their mission, took
refuge in Istria, and founded
Pola, whose name in their language signifies
"exiles." This seems to have originated in a verse of Callimachus
(mentioned by
Strabo)
who calls the place harvpov (pvyotlwv. I do not find such a
word as pala, with such a meaning, in any of the dialects of the
Colchian district; but this proves nothing, because, with such imperfect
vocabularies as we possess, we could not expect to find it. Bochart
inclines to the derivation, and refers to Hebrew pala, separare,
auferre, amovere. Such derivation assumes that the Colchian language
had a like root word, and the Hebrew has moreover several words for
"exile," none of which are from pala. With regard to the name
"Istria," it is said that Colchians having sailed up the Ister, i.e.,
the Danube, passed from that river to the Adriatic, and that they
named Istria from the Ister; but, as Spon observes, if the Colchian
proceeded from the Ister to the Adriatic, they must have carried their
vessels on their shoulders, inasmuch as there is no water communication
between that river and the Adriatic. Something to this effect is mentioned
by Pliny;
only the latter makes them to pass to the Adriatic by way of the Save.
Indeed Spon's ludicrous suggestion seems to have been founded on the
serious statement in
Pliny.
That the Colchians may have reached Istria from the mouth of the Ister,
the Euxine, and the Dardanelles, is quite another thing. It may be here
noted that Styria derives its name from the river Steyer (etymologically
the same word as Ister), a small river which gives name to Steyer
and Steyerdorf, and falls into the Danube just below Linz. Other
derivations of the name Istria might be from the Istri or
Histri, an ancient Illyrian people with whom the Romans had several
wars. Again, Istria being almost surrounded by water, the appellation
might be derived from the Celtic dwr, water; which, with a prefixed
sibilant, becomes, in European river names, Stour, Stor, Stur, Styr,
Ister, Stura, Astura, Oyster, &c, &c. Further, it frequently happens
that large districts take their name from a town; as Yorkshire from York,
[408] Derbyshire from Derby, &c. &c; so that the name Istria
may be also traced to the Asturon phugadōn of Callimachus,
aarvpov being a diminutive of
atrrv "a city," a name
applied to Athens "par excellence." According to Paulus (ex Festo)
and others, Histriones were so called because they first came from
Histria; but Valerius Maximus and Plutarch are of a different
opinion, and they derive the word historio from the Etruscan
hister, ludio.
APPENDIX.
The following is an interesting letter sent by a well-known name in
Istria to the Provincia paper. It deserves reproduction in
extenso and the reply has been added at full length:—
I CASTELLIERI DELL'ISTRIA.
In Istria si trovano in punti eminenti ed in numero considerevole delle
rovine che portano in italiano la denominazione di "Castellieri" ed in
slavo quelle di Grad, Gradina, "Gracischie," Gradichie (abbiamo
appositamente prescelto l'ortografia italiana perchè questi nomi possano
essere pronunciati dal lettore italiano, avvertiamo che "schie" deve
essere pronunciato non con pronuncia toscana ma colla veneta p. e. in
"schieto") derivanti tutte dalla radice Grad che significa Castro,
Castello, luogo murato. Le rovine sono o di muraglia a cemento, o
semplicemente di macerie.
Il popolo crede che fossero costruzioni greche, tradizione infondata
come lo dimostrò il dottissimo Dr.
Kandler, poichè il debole governo dell'Impero orientale non lasciò,
quasi vestigia di se meno ancora tale che avessero un impronta nazionale
greca.
I nostri eruditi propendevano a ritenere i
Castellieri come opera
romana; l'Istria possiede tanti monumenti della grandezza romana,
tanti testimoni visibili dell'importanza che il governo romano attribuiva
al possesso di questa provincia, che in difetto d'ogni indizio storico
sull'origine de'
Castellieri l'idea che fossero un sistema di castri
romani veniva quasi da se; si osservò che da un
castelliere si vede
l'altro, e ciò, fece supporre che questi castri potessero corrispondere
mediante un telegrafo ottico.
Questa ipotesi no appagava per altro tutti i pensatori i quali
opponevano che i Romani non usavano disperdere le loro forze, lasciavano
libero movimento ai popoli conquistati, pronti per altro a severamente
punirli in caso di ribellione. Le fortificazioni devono stare in
proporzione col presidio e viceversa; se si considerava il numero e
l'ampiezza de
castellieri si dovrebbe giudicare che migliaja di militi
fossero sacrificati a presidiare quei fortalizi in luoghi deserti
[409] ed inospitali, mancando quasi in tutto l'interno dell'Istria
traccie di Città oggidì esistenti ai tempi romani. Ciò non
corrisponderebbe alla saggia politica e strategia di quel popolo
conquistatore. Qualcuno era disposto di ritenere i
castellieri opere de
popoli aborigini per diffondere la loro indipendenza contro i Romani.
Quest'opinione merita d'esser presa in considerazione constando qual'
accanita diffesa gli Istriani opponessero alle armi romane. Ma siccome ne'
Castellieri fin ora non furono trovate iscrizioni, armi o altri documenti
che attestassero la loro origine romana, celtica, tracica, liburnica,
flanatica o giapidica etc., restava sempre il dubbio, e si era pronti di
accogliere un altra ipotesi che presentasse qualche probabilità.
Recentemente la scienza Geologica ed Antropologica ha in base di
ripetate scoperte constatato, che in epoca remotissima e preistorica
vivesse in Europa contemporaneo all'Orso delle spelonche, all' Elefante
primigeni o al Rinoceronte ed alla Iena una razza d'uomini diversa dalla
nostra. In Svizzera e nell'alta Italia furono trovate delle palafitte nel
fondo di laghi con residui di uomini e di animali, dallo studio de quali e
degli ordigni ivi scoperti, di cui si servivano quegli uomini, risultò,
che in tempi ove le belve feroci contrastavano loro seriamente l'esistenza
trovarono salvezza costruendo intieri vilaggi sopra palafitte ne laghi.
Ulteriori scoperte, principalmente di armi ed istrumenti di pietra, osso o
bronzo, contribuirono a formare un razionato sistema del progresso e
sviluppo dell'uomo preistorico e la divisione in epoche, così si parla
dell'età della pietra cui corrisponde quella de trogloditi, a questa
succedette l'età del bronzo di cui gia si trovano vestigia presso le
palafitte.
Un segno evidente che tutte le anteriori ipotesi risguardanti i
castellieri istriani non erano soddisfacenti si è quello che molti ora
suppongono doversi riportare l'origine de
castellieri ad una delle
accessinate età preistoriche. Qualcuno sarà stato il primo ad esternare un
tale pensiero, molti lo possono aver avuto contemporaneamente ed in
generale si ragiona così: se nel Belgio e nella Francia ed in altri paesi
dell'Europa si trovarono scheletri d'uomini viventi in epoca molto remota,
se nella Svizzera ed alta Italia si scopersero vestigio di palafitte e di
intieri vilaggi di uomini che vivevano sopra laghi, vi potevano essere
contemporaneamente degli uomini anche in Istria i quali, non esistendovi
laghi, trovassero opportuno di costruirsi abitazioni fortificate sulle
cime de monti. Persone versato in geologia ed antropologia scopersero ne
castellieri istriani rottami di pignate di un cotto di forma molto
primitiva ed asservarono sulla superficie dei rispettivi recinti un
terriccio nero che sembrarebbe essersi formato da ceneri ed escrementi,
indizii di abitato.
Così, stavano le cose non ha guari, quando ad un tratto l'interessante
questione entrò in una nuova fase: un celebre viaggiatore di paesi lontani
e selvaggi che si fece un gran nome pubblicando la descrizione de suoi
viaggi, visitando nell' autunno scorso l'Istria trovò i nostri
castellieri degni della sua attenzione e ne examinò parecchi; egli si propose di
ritornarvi e di continuare i suoi studi sui [410]
castellieri; come sentiamo il nostro erudito Signor
Tomaso Luciani intende
accompagnare l'illustre viaggiatore nell' accennata escursione
scientifica, e tali celebrità ci sono pegno che la questione verrà
studiata a fondamento tanto dal lato preistorico che dallo storico.
Informati noi d'un tanto, volemmo ispezionare uno de
castellieri
visitati dal sulodato viaggiatore, e vi ci recammo col fermo proposito di
lasciare a casa ogni preoccupazioni.
Racconteremo in breve l'impressione che ci fece: In cima d'un monte con
superficie or di strati calcari or di terreno composto di detrito marnoso
ed arenario si trova un vasto piazzale circondata da alta e larga macerie
di pietre calcari di cui alcune sorpassano il volume di 2 piedi cubi. Dal
lato ove l'accesso è ripido e difficile vi è una sola cinta, da tutti gli
altri lati la cinta è doppia, sicchè il recinto interno rappresenta un
elissi e l'esterna una mezzaluna.
Non avevamo tempo di esaminare il terriccio, ne di cercare rottami di
cotto, casualmente non ci si presento nessuno così pure non potemmo
scorgere traccia di cemento fra le pietre; noi non potevamo fare altra
congettura, che quel luogo sia stato destinato dalla popolazione del
vicino contado per raccogliervi il loro bestiame ed averi mobili onde
potersi diffondere da un aggressione nemica.
Quanto all'epoca in cui fu costruita la macerie non ci potevamo fare un
idea nemmeno approssimativa; antica è certamente come lo indica il colore
delle pietre ed il musco che le ricopre, conosciamo per altro macerie che
non hanno un secolo d'esistenza le quali presentano un aspetto poco
diverso.
Considerato che i più celebri geologi sono concordi nell'attribuire
alle palafitte per lo meno l'età di 10,000 anni, noi dobbiamo ingenuamente
confessare che quelle macerie non ci fecero l'impressione d'un età tanto
veneranda, e potiamo addurre anche qualche ragione in sostegno della
nostra opinione: il geologo Stäche che più d'ogni altro studio la nostra
stratificazione ha dimostrato essere la marna coll' arenaria la più
giovane formazione dell'Istria, esserne sparita moltissima per
degradazione, ed essere in molti siti comparsa alla superficie la pietra
calcare un tempo coperta da strati arenario-marnosi. Questa teoria ha
persuaso tutti quelli che osservarono il nostro suolo.
Il piazzale del
castelliere in discorso presenta pietra calcare
sporgente, la macerie è fatta di questa pietra e si doveva trovare nel
vicinato; il piazzale non era dunque coperto di strati
arenario-marnosi quando fu costruito il
castelliere, per la qual cosa
seguendo la teoria Stäche, non potiamo ammettere un età enorme, e ciò
tanto meno, che il detrito arenario-marnoso si trova sul medesimo monte a
poco distanza del
castelliere. Osìa con altre parole: un
castelliere
costruito 10,000 anni fà in quel punto dovrebbe dietro le teorie
geologiche dell'Istria essere composto di pietra arenario-marnosa.
Dobbiamo ancora osservare di non aver trovato traccia alcuna di abitati ne
di pozzi o stagni d'acqua, locchè indicherebbe che il recinto in discorso
non poteva serviva che in momentanei bisogni di guerra. E ciò è quel poco
che potiamo congetturare sul
castelliere da noi visitato senza poter fare
deduzioni riguardo ad altri che possono essere bene diversi.
[411] Essendo nostro scopo di eccitare persone meglio di
noi informate a pubblicare le loro vedute riguardo ai
castellieri onde
prepararci alle notizie che attendiamo dalle insigni persone che si
proposero di studiarli ex professo, ci permettiamo di accennare
alle varie epoche preistoriche e storiche che dovranno essere poste a
confronto coi medesimi ed ai caratteri particolari di ciascun epoca.
I. Epoca preistorica; intendiamo quella sincronica coll'epoca
delle palafitte. I trogloditi si rifuggiarano in tempo di aggressione
nemica nelle loro caverne, almeno ci pare verosimile; per stabilirla
occorrerebbe valutare le condizioni geologiche attuali e le presumibili in
quei tempi, si dovrebbero trovare teschi ed ossa umane simili a quelli
della palafitte o almeno sufficiente numero di attrezzi ed armi simili a
quelle scoperte presso le sudette palafitte.
I rottami di cotto sono un oggetto molto delicato in Istria ove p. e. a
Castel Rachele ne vengono fabbricati anche oggidì di forma veramente
preistorica; il confronto con cotti delle palafitte ci pare
indispensabile. Un altro punto delicato è il terriccio; terre di color
nero vi sono anche altrove; l'analisi chimica ed il confronto de risultati
ottenuti dovrebbero dare molto schiarimento.
II. Epoca degli aborigini siano stati Celti, Traci, Flanati,
Liburni o Giapidi, di caratteri distintivi di quest'epoca dovrebbero
essere scheletri avvicinantisi alle forme attuali, armi ed istrumenti più
perfetti di quelli che indicano l'epoca delle palafitti.
Guerra più feroce della conquista romana non contengono gli annali
dell' Istria, e gli Istriani devono aver fatte grandi opere di diffesa per
diffondere la loro indipendenza dai conquistatori romani.
III. Epoca romana alle quale va congiunta anche quella dell'
Impero orientale. Siamo certi che il verdetto de Signori che examineranno
i castellieri non ci lasciera nessun dubbio, se siano di origine romana o
meno.
IV. Epoca della lma immigrazione de Slavi. Non
bisognerebbe scartare nemmeno questa, si tratta di 12 secoli. Tanto gli
indigeni quanto gli immigrati potevano aver motivi di fare barricate per
la propria diffesa e del loro bestiame. Ci dispiace di non conoscere tanto
lingua slava per poter giudicare se le denominazioni che essi danno ai
castellieri indichino castri, etc. o soltanto rovine de medesimi; nel 2do
caso sembrerebbe che li abbiano già trovati in rovina e si dovrebbe
ricorrere ad un epoca anteriore.
V. L'epoca delle conquiste de Franchi non sembra aver causato
grande spostamento di popolazione in Istria.
VI. Epoca delle scorrerie de' Turchi. In Carniola le invasioni
turche diedero origine a molti
castellieri che ivi si chiamano "Tabor,"
parola d'origine asiatica che in Slavo ed Ungherese significa accampamento
ed in Turco presso poco lo stesso.
Ecco in succinto quanto il Barone
Valvasor nella sua Cronica della Carniola pubblicata nell'anno
1689 (Vedi L. II., p. 115-281; L. IV., p. 539, 540; e L. XV, p. 373)
scrive sopra tale argomento. "Vi sono delle rovine in Carniola che non
sono di castelli baronali ma di Tabor ossia accampamenti fortificati
costruiti all'epoca dello [412] scorrerie turche. Nel 1471
incominciarono queste barbare invasioni e si principiò fare i Tabor ne
quali il popolo del contado raccoglieva e diffendeva le cose mobili di
valore. Quando poi in seguito al cordone di fortezze e presidi militari al
confine della Turchia fu posta termine alle invasioni Turche, quei Tabor
che non racchiudevano una Chiesa furono totalmente negletti e passarono
allo stato di rovine."
Descrive poi i seguenti Tabor che essendo caverne naturali sono vere
meraviglie, Pod Jamo-Tabor e Sciler-Tabor nella Pinca superiore,
finalmente il Tabor di Cernical nella giurisdizione di S. Servolo. Ecco
qui un esempio come si puo prendere facilemente un abbaglio sull'antichità
di certe rovine.
L'Istria confina colla Carniola, indubitatamente si passò di concerto
per diffendersi contro i Turchi, l'analogia e molto seducente, pure siamo
convinti che i nostri
castellieri non siano di quell'epoca per la ragione
che il nome Tabor sarebbe stato adottato anche qui almeno dai Slavi, e
perchè essendo per tutta l'Istria una quantità di luoghi murati che
racchiudono Chiese e Case erano queste, piccole borgate e ville murate
sufficienti per servire di rifugio agli abitanti del rispettivo contado
col loro bestiame ed oggetti mobili di valore, senza aver bisogno di Tabor
o accampamenti come nella Carniola. Supponiamo che in quell'epoca molte
mura saranno state ristaurate; altre erette da nuovo, ma sempre attorno
gli abitati preesistenti.
Oltre quest'epoca la Storia si puo dire completa, la guerra degli
Uscocchi travagliò l'Istria ma ogni avvenimento, ogni piccolo fatto d'armi
e minutamente descritto, di
Castellieri non si facenno.
Concludiamo colla seguente considerazione: Vi sono paesi ove fu
guereggiato molto più che in Istria e vi sono molto meno vestigio di
accampamenti per la ragione che fosse, argini e ridotti di terra, vengono
coll'andare dei tempo appianati dalle alluvioni e dall'agricoltore.
In Istria a queste costruzioni si prestava la pietra ovunque reperibile
ne vi era mai bisogno di cavare le pietre dalle rovine de
castellieri.
Ogni aggressione nemica poteva render necessaria la costruzione di qualche
nuovo accampamento, necessità di trasportare il materiale non vi era mai,
così potevasi sorgere in diverse epoche nuovi
castellieri. Qui bene
distinguit, bene docet, l'interessante questione de molti
castellieri
potrà trovare forse più facile soluzione colla divisione de medesimi e col
riportare l'origine di alcuni ad una, di altri ad altra epoca.
(Signed) S.
The following is my reply to the sensible strictures of S.:—
To the Editor of La Provincia
Capodistria.
Sir, — I have read with great pleasure the able and instructive
communication concerning the
Castellieri of Istria addressed to your
journal The Antiquarian race is proverbially credulous, and the adversary
who compels us to take stock of our facts, to show the [413]
basis upon which our belief rests, and to annihilate any objections
which may be brought against our conclusions, does the best service to the
cause. Without further preamble, I propose at once to marshal the reasons
which induce me to determine that the
Castellieri of Istria are
pre-historic or, if you prefer it, "proto-historic."
I. The moral certainty that this beautiful peninsula would be inhabited
by archaic races. Washed by seas that abound in the finest fish; covered
with woods and forests, which would harbour hosts of wild animals;
situated in the heart of the temperate region, and owning every variety of
climate, from the delicious and quasi-tropical temperature of the western
coast to the almost
boreal
atmosphere of the mountain range bounding it to the east; with valleys of
the richest soil fit for the growth of cereals, and with uplands where
cattle, goats, and sheep can graze throughout the year — this "Eastern
Piedmont" must have been a paradise for pre-historic man. Who can believe
that cold Switzerland would swarm with pile-villages; barren Scotland and
comfortless Ireland with "cranogues," whilst Istria remained a desert? But
M. de S. has distinctly no right to assume an antiquity of 10,000 years,
nor are we required to dispose of his geological objection. Even those who
believe in the settlement of the Colchians or Argonauts, a legend of which
my distinguished friend Cav.
Tomaso Luciani (Istria, No. 67, 68, Oct. 30, 1847) observes, " Io non
ho com' altri il coraggio nè di credere ciecamente nè di assolutamente
negare," the furthermost date would be 3,254 years (b.c. 1380+An. Dom.
1874). But, further, the Romans did not penetrate into Illyria before B.c.
329, and thus "pre-historic" would here mean, not 10,000, but 2,103 years.
The popular belief which attributes the ruins to the Greeks, who would
have been, not of the Lower Empire, but Thraco-Kelts, is not to be
dismissed with contempt: it distinctly separates the Grad from the Turkish
"Tabor" (j#)L>), a word signifying, a crowd, a battalion, a
column. As regards the Colchian settlement, for which we have the
authority of Strabo and other geographers, we must bear in mind the direct
assertion of Herodotus that these people sprang from the Egyptians, an
Æthiopic or Negro race who practised circumcision. The universal consensus
of history declares the people of Illyria to have been Kelts. Many reasons
justify the student, methinks, in assuming that the pre-historic races of
Istria were Kelts, and in assigning to certain ruins of Istria an age
exceeding twenty-one centuries. Par parenthèse, I must here
congratulate myself upon the fact of Novum Ilium being now restored to its
place in the annals of the past, despite the nebulous myth-theory with
which modern study has oppressed it, before the use of that ultima
ratio, the spade, had amassed exact knowledge entitling us to venture
upon abolishing ancient Troy.
II. The position and form of the
Castellieri. That admirable student,
the late Dr. Kandler, decided
that many of them were Roman, and doubtless he was not wrong. As Cav.
Luciani remarks, Istria is a
palimpsest, upon which many a successive hand has left its, traces.
[414] The
Castellieri near the great military roads would
naturally be converted by the civilized colonists into guard-houses: of
these many in Syria are still standing. But it is strange that Dr.
Kandler, who by studying the
works of Vegetius, (50) was enabled to lay down with a
firm hand the outlines of
Aquileja
did not perceive the radical difference
between a Roman camp and a pre-historic settlement The former were always
parallelograms, squares or oblongs, built to accommodate a given number of
soldiers; laid out according to rule, and caring less for strength of
position than for free access to wood and water. The latter are almost
invariably circular or oval, the form still affected by the savage
African. They crowned the cones of hills or the heads of buttresses, and
they were disposed, not regularly, but according to the exigencies of
ground. In no case they were built with mortar, as M. de S. thinks, an
invariable characteristic of Roman fortifications. They are too far
numerous for garrisons: the territory of
Albona, for instance, contains
nearly twenty. They were not intended for temporary strongholds in time of
danger, where each could resort, carrying water, fuel, and provisions: the
black soil shows that they were permanently inhabited. None of them are
provided with wells or
cisterns,
and do we not see the women of many an inland Istrian town condemned, like
their prehistoric sisters, to toil up and down the steep road with heavy
water-pots upon their heads?
The surface of the
Cunzi enceinte is a brown humus, the decay of
vegetation covering the "terricio nero." I quite agree with our
adversary that this "black soil" of the
Castellieri should be submitted to
analysis. But I may venture to say, in opposition to M. de S., that it
exists nowhere in the Peninsula except where man has dwelt, and that it
will be found to consist of ashes and other organic matter. Again, even in
the Scoto-Scandinavian islands of modern Great Britain we have pottery as
rude as the cotti which profusely strew the terre pleines of the
Castellieri: the practised eye, however, has no difficulty in
distinguishing the old from the new. Our critic complains of not finding
"cotti" at
Cunzi; he might have picked up hundreds in the rubble of the
walls.
III. But what completely upsets the objections of M. de S. is the
presence in our
Castellieri of prehistoric weapons, stone axes and
arrow-heads. Assuredly these belong to the aborigines, not to the Romans.
Whatever doubt there may be about the pottery, none can attach to the
implements. The argument that human skulls and bones are absent is simply
negative: the reply to it is that they have not been sought, and
consequently they have not been found. How many excavations have been made
in the
Castellieri of Istria, or in the caverns which may be expected to
yield such spoils? Absolutely none! Even till the last few years the
peasantry have ignored the value of many "finds," and they are not
singular in [415] the world. As time rolls on we shall
doubtless dig up a greater number of stone instruments, and we shall
come upon human remains.
And now, leaving generalisms, let us meet M. de S. upon an especial
champ de bataille, the
Castelliere of
Cunzi, or "Kunzi." For reasons
which your readers must remember, he decides that it is not a fort, but a
fold. For reasons which I proceed to state, I opine it to be, not a fold,
but a fort. Shepherds would certainly not take the trouble to erect
anything so laborious. The several lines of ramp or road leading up to it
are grassy breadths, which still show them to have been the work of art.
The summit of the hill has been planed away with immense labour, and
stones of unusual size have been placed to do the work of a rampart. The
double enceinte is unintelligible in a sheep-fold; perfectly reasonab le in
a village, where the cattle would require quarters distinct from the
villagers. There is not a trace of houses, because the latter were
probably built of wood and thatch, easily confounded with the ashes which
strew the ground. The stones may have been in situ two, or even
three, thousand years. The want of water I have shown to be no objection:
such buildings were made before the time of protracted sieges. These
remarks, I may observe, are merely a sketch of the subject, which might be
extended to a greater length than your limits, or the patience of your
readers, would endure. Permit me, in conclusion, to offer my thanks to M.
de S., and to assure him that, whilst looking forward to his future
communications, I pledge myself to meet him whenever he thinks proper
again to take the field.
Your most obedient servant,
Richard F. Burton.
Trieste, February 25, 1874. |
 |
|
Anthropologia, Vol. 1 Plate 5, 6 -
Traccia dell'antico castelliere chiamato di Moncastelli, sito nel
circondario di Cervera. Proprietà del marchese Gianapaolo de Polesini di
Parenzo. |
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|
Anthropologia, Vol 1,
Plate 8
Sketch of the
Castelliere (ruined castle) di Cunzi |
 |
|
Anthropologia, Vol. 1,
Plate 9, 10 |
|
|
Notes:
- P. 10, "L'Istria sotto l'aspetto fisico,
etnografico, administrativo, storico e biografico. Studio di Amato Amati
e di Tomaso Luciani. Milano. Dottor Francesco Vallardi,
Tipografo-Editoro. 1867."
1. P. 10, "
- "Pola," the great naval arsenal of Austria, is
popularly derived from "Pietas Julia," — a mistake.
Strabo uses the word
πòλα
and Pliny (Nat. Hist. iii. 23) speaks of the
"colony of Pola, now Pietas Julia." Though
Strabo derives it from Colchian
("exulum oppidum"), it appears to be an indigenous word, with the
signification of a sweet-water spring in the sea, a very common feature
along the Mediterranean shores. My kind friends, tho learned Cavaliere
Tommasini, of
Trieste, and Baron Carl von Czoernig (junior), both assure
me that the word is "Polla," and derived from the Latin pullulare
or pollutio, and the former adds, "La langue Romaine de la
décadence et l'italienne conservent presque sans exception les voyelles
doubles de la langue classique." To which my reply is, that this rule is
not without exceptions, e.g., we say "Bora," when Procopius, writes
(ii. 15). Secondly, I have heard the
word pronounced, even by educated men, Pola, and not Polla. The Romans,
who carried off many of the Istrians into captivity, left a remnant of the
subjugated people, and possibly adopted some of their words. If, as
generally assumed, the language was Polasgo-Thracian, we may find
analogies in the Keltic dialect of the Albanians, the direct descendants
of the old race, whose tongue has supplied derivations to so many of the
proper names of the ancient Greeks. So in Irish, "Poll" is a hole or pit,
which in composition becomes Pola. My friend Dr. Barnard Davis supplies me
with Cornish Pol, Welsh Pwll, Armoric Poull, Gaelic Poll, and Manx
Poyl — all equivalent to our pool, pond or mud.
- P. 10, "L'Istria,"
&c.
-
It [Monte Re] derived its
regal name from Alboin, King of the Longobardi, who, in A.D. 568, planted
his spear upon the summit, and hence prospected Istria, which he overran
without permanent occupation, preferring to found the duchy of Friuli.
-
This water has been
recognised by antiquaries (Pietro Coppo, A.D. 1540, and Bishop Tomasini,
1595) as the stream to which
Strabo alludes (Book i. 3, § 15). "They
supposed that there was another river in addition to the former Ister,
bearing the same name, which emptied itself into the Adriatic, and from
which the country of Istria, through which it flowed, gained its title. It
is by this river, they believe, Jason returned on his voyage from
Colchis."
Pliny (Nat. Hist. iii. 22) at once supports and corrects this
account: "For it is the fact that no river which runs from the Danube
discharges itself into the Adriatic. They have been misled, I think, by
the circumstance that the ship Argo came down some river into the
Adriatic sea not far from Tergeste (Trieste?), but what river that
was is now unknown. The most careful writers say that the ship was
carried across the Alps on men's shoulders, having passed along the Ister,
then along the Savus (Save), and so from Nauportos (i.e.,
vavs and iropOfths
or passage = Ober-Laybach in Krain), which
place lying between Æmona (Laybach, the capital) and the Alps,
from that circumstance derives its name."
Strabo (iv. 6, 11) calls
Nauportos, possibly by corruption, "Pamportus." Let me here observe that I
find nothing ridiculous in the legend of "Argo navis" being carried upon
men's shoulders from the Danube to the Val Qnieto. Moderns are apt to
think of sloops and frigates, when the classical ship was probably a long
boat, which, without her gear, would weigh at most two tons. Thus her crew
of fifty oarsmen would have no difficulty in a portage.
-
We read in "L'Istria" (p. 13), "In tutto il resto della Provincia,
prevalse dal Seco.o xiv. e xv. in poi il dialetto Veneto, ma non così che
con multa diligenza non si possano ancora scoprire traccio del dialetto
originario Istriano, in frasi, in formolo popolari, in proverbi, e nello
stesso accento, lungo tutta la costa da Muggia a Fianona, anzi nella
stessa Trieste, e nell'intorno fin sulle alture di Raspo, non fosse altro
in qualche nome di località, di condizioni speciali del suolo, in alcune
interjezioni appassionate, nel linguaggio che si adopera coi bimbi, e in
certune di quelle voci, per lo più monosillabe, che servono a contenere e
dirigere gli animali nella corte, al pascolo e sul lavoro." A collection
of these forms would be truly valuable, and many Istrians are well capable
of making it. I hope that they will soon gird themselves to the task.
-
The origin of this word is disputed. A. v. Morlot (" Ueber die
Geologischen Verhältnisse von Istrien, &c, aus den Naturwissenschaftlichen
Abhandlung," ii. Band. ii. Theil. s. 257) proposes to derive Karst and
Carso from the Slavonic Hrast, the oak; still the type of its vegetation.
Thus it would signify Oakland, the old name of Germany. But those who
remember that the country lies in "Keltica beyond the Alps" (Transalpine
Gaul;
Strabo, iv. 6, 1) naturally reject this comparatively modern origin,
and prefer the Keltic Caer, a stone, which best describes the
surface. Linhart(i. 63, "Versuch eine Geschichte von Krain") suggests that
Kant is contracted from the
(iii. 1.
1.) of Ptolemy. Dr. J. Kohen (vol. i. "L'Archeografo Triestino") prefers
the Caravancas,
(iii. 1,1) of the Pelusian,
the eastern part of the Ocra, above
Trieste. But the dispute is verbal,
the two being evidently names of one place.
- "For the Alps were originally called Albia and Alpionia
(Alpeina?), and at present the high mountains in the country of the
Iapodes, next to Ocra ("Okpa) and the Alps, is named
Albius, showing that the Alps extend so far" (Strabo, iv. 6, 1). The same
author (iv. 6, 10) makes the Iapodes "a nation now mixed with the
Illyrians and Kelts." This Illyrian tribe, also called Iapyges (Pomponius
Festus Epist. Orb. Terr. Syn.) has been copiously written about by modern
geographers.
-
Strabo mentions the Ocra in five places. Can the word have
connection with the Syrian Ocra (Mons Casius), which in Arabic would mean
the "bald mountain"? (See "Unexplored Syria," ii. 73.)
Pliny (iii. 23)
also names Ocra, a ruined city of the Carni.
-
Geographi Græci minores (pp. lxxiv. and 196-237). "Anonymi
(Scymnii Chii, ut fertur) orbis descriptio." See the passage beginning (i
369) with

He describes, after
Theopompus, the site as a synisthmus with Pontus; the coast garnished with
the Apsyrtides, the Electrides, the Liburnicae, and other islands
likest the Cyclades; the barbarous peoples round the head (Strabo notes
their tattooing, vii. 5, 4) who numbered 150 myriads; the fertility of the
lands, the prolificity of the herds which brought forth twice a year;
the dampness of the atmosphere, with its sudden changes, especially in
summer, its thunderstorms, and its
(the and
bora). Finally, he separates the Paphlagonian Eneti or Heneti (of
Venetia) from the Istriana proper, in this line —
 Hence the
learned Dr. Kandler ("Discórso sull'Istria, etc.,"
Trieste, 1867) contends
that the Istri, finding a resemblance between the Alps and Haemus
(Balkan), the Adriatic and the Euxine, the Quarnero Gulf with the true
Istrian Delta, simply brought the name with them in memory of their old
home. Thus Pontic Istropolis became Polis, Pola; and the Val Quieto
(Nengon or Ningun) may have been called Ister. This, at any rate, is
better than t'he Hebraeism of the late Abbé Pie'ri Tomasin (Arch.
Trieste, New Ser., Jan. 2, 1871), who makes Istria rrvwn
{congregation) o*o (of waters), and even Hebraism improves
upon Cato, who derives Istria from a Captain sent by Janus, identified by
clerkly traditionists with Noah.
-
L'Istria, schizzo storico-etnografico di
Tomaso Luciani"
(Firenze, 1866). The traditions of the Pelasgi are evidently taken from
Strabo (v. 2, 4), who makes them " an ancient race spread throughout the
whole of Greece, but especially in the country of the Æolians.
-
Dr. de'
Combi's father, Francesco, who died in 1872, was also a
literary man. His translation of the Georgics in ottava rima has
lately been published at
Capodistria (1 vol. 8vo). The son is now
professor in the Scuola superiore di Commercio di Venezia. His admirable
catalogue is to a great extent raisonné with notices and dates of
editions: the author modestly signs himself "Il compilatore," and the
book was published at the expense " di una società patria."
- Murray is especially bad. He borrows almost textually from
Turnbull's "Austria," London, Murray, 1840.
- I shall borrow from "Pietro
Kandler," a biography written by
Sig. Tomaso Luciani: it first appeared in the Archivio Veneto, vol. iii.
part i. Venice. Tip. del Commercio, 1872; and was subsequently reproduced
in a brochure of 23 pages, large octavo.
-
Of this many instances may be adduced. Dr.
Kandler was often accused of
classic mania, of arbitrarily supplanting Slav by Roman names — for
instance, in identifying Nabresina, near
Trieste (i.e. na-brek, on
the hill or bank), with the Latin Auresina. Years afterwards his friend Tomaso
Luciani, when
turning over in the R. Archivio Generale Veneto a parchment codex of the
Cancelleria Inferiore, entitled Atti ed instrumenti appartenenti a Beni
della Cà di Dio dal 1205 al 1527, found on an Act of 1292, in which Zerani
and Mateo Maroli da
Trieste refunda una casa in la contrada de Cavana e
tre vigne a la cava di Dio with the Latin text et tres vineas sitas in
pertinentijs Tergesti in contrata Aurisini. And yet I have heard
educated men quote this very specimen of Dr.
Kandler's hallucination.
- Das Land Görz und Gradisca; mit Einschluss von
Aquileja
Geographisch-Statisch-Historisch dargestellte von Carl Freiherrn von
Czoernig, etc., etc., etc. Wilhelm Braumuller, Wien, 1873. The Keltic
hypothesis, they say (for I have not read the two volumes), was advanced
in the " Ethnographia des Oesterreichischen Kaiserstaates," Wien,
Staatsdrückerei, 1856. Here also was published the useful
ethnographical map of the Austrian empire by the same author: it is now
being reprinted.
- It is the capital of Istrian Liburnia, and is mentioned by
Pliny
(iii. 25, § 2); by Ptolemy (iii. 17, Aluona); and by the Anonymus of
Ravenna (v. 14). The name is popularly derived from the Keltic al
high, and bon, a settlement, colony, foundation, e.g.,
Lis-bon; the name is justified by its position, circ 1,000 feet
above sea-level. The Luciani family is mentioned in early days. A Luciani
was the mother of the celebrated Mattia
Flacco Illirico, alias
Matteo Francovich, born at
Albona, a.D. 1520. "Un des plus savants
théologiens de la confession d'Augsbourg" (Bayle. Dict., sub. v.
"Illyricus"), he professed Greek at Tübingen, and wrote a variety of "Compositioni heretiche, perverse e maladette" in favour of Protestantism.
- Extract from the Congrès International d' Anthropologie et
d'Archæologie
préhistoriques. Compte rendu de la cinquième session à Bologne, 1871; avec planches et figures intercalées dans le
texte. Bologne: Imprimerie Tava et Garagnani, au progrès, 1873 (un vol. di
pag. 543).
In the Rapport sur V Exposition Italienne d'Anthropologie et
d'Archeologie préhistoriques, pp. 485-518, we read (pp. 490,
491): — "Pour compléter la classe dea restes préhistoriques de
l'Italie du nord, se présentaient les belles haches en pierre polie
trouvées dans l'Istria et possédés par M.
Thomas
Luciani de Venise [rather
of
Albona, domiciled for some years at Venice]. Leur forme est celle que
d'ordinaire on rencontre dans de pareils objets de la même époque, qu' on tire en grande
quantité de toute la Péninsule.
Le Jury pourtant ne peut s'abstenir de faire observer que dans la petite
collection de M.
Luciani on voyait une hache en pierre polie, tirée
d'Altona (error for
Albona) laquelle, quoique gàtée du côté du
tranchant, dépassait grandement par son volume toutes les haches plus
volumineuses des autres collections, et entrait en concurrence pour la
beauté
avec la hache du mont Gualandeo de la province de Pérouse de laquelle on
parlera plus loin." (A tracing of this fine weapon accompanies these
pages.)
In page 604 we find: — "Un autre bijou de l'Exposition se remarquait
dans la petite collection de M. Guardabassi C'était une hache en pierre
polie, trouvée sur le mont Gualandeo près de Pérouse, qui dépassait par
son volume toutes les autres qui figuraient à l'Exposition, à l'exception
de celle trouvée à Altona (Albona), et que nous avons déjà
mentionnée."
The report, dated Bologne, Octobre, 1871, is signed, "Les Jurés — G.
Guiscardi, G. Nicolucci, G. Ponzi, C. Regnoli. L. Pigorini,
Rapporteur."
- This generalization is doubtful, as will presently be shown.
-
The present head of the family is Dr. (LL.D.) Antonio Scampicchio, of
whom I have much to say.
-
A tracing accompanies these pages.
- The Archeografo Triestino, (edito per cura della Società del
Gabinetto di Minerva. Nuova serie, volume terzo. Fascicolo iii. e iv.,
Novembre, 1871, e Gennaio, 1873.
Trieste, Tipografia di Lod.
Hermanstorfer, 1872,) gives a short necrological notice of Dr.
Buttazone.
- In asking for prehistoric weapons, the stranger must describe them
to the Istrian Slavs as "Kamenica strevla" (a little stone of lightning
or arrow-head); to the Italian as Fulmine, like the Pedra de Corisco of
the Brazil; and even then they will not understand him. Some of the
axes have been used as touchstones, and many of the arrow-heads have
disappeared after serving for flints wherewith to light pipes.
- There is an important village of that name (Castellier) a few miles
to the north-west of
Parenzo, and a Monte Castellier, to mention no
other instances, is found north-east of Umago. Near the latter, I am
told, lie the extensive ruins of the old Roman city "Siparia."
-
The terra-rossa of Istria is believed not to contain a
trace of organic and biological matter, and little or no lime: it
cannot, therefore, proceed from the oxides that stain the nummulite and
hippurite calcaires. An interesting study of this formation will be
found in the "Excursioni Geologiche fatte nell'anno 1872. Da T. Dr.
Taramelli Prof. Titolare di Storia Naturale." This geologist attributes
the "red soil" to volcanic dejections, and he explains, by the
disengagement of explosive gases from below, the formation of the
"Fiobe" and the crateriform
sinks of the limestone region, variously called entonnoirs, wetter-locher,
busi, (i.e., buchi pertusi, imbutiformi); Doline by the Slavs, and
Inglotidors in Friuli. I have noticed these swallow-holes, locally termed
"Jurah" in the Anti-Libamis ("Unexplored Syria," ii. 100, and elsewhere),
and I cannot but think that the sinking of water through their crevices is
often a sufficient agency. But I reserve this subject for future
discussion.
-
Some travellers have rashly denied the existence of "subterranean
rivers." These sceptics seem to ignore the fact that they are common to
every limestone region. They are noticed by Lt. Garnier in South-east
Tibet ("Ocean Highways," March, 1874). Amongst the "Wonders of the
(Triestine) Carso," ranks the Recca or San Canzian stream, which,
dashing, at a perpendicular rock, disappears in toto, shows itself at three
distinct air-holes, and after an underground flow of 25 direct
geographical miles, reappears to form the classic Timavus. It is described
by
Strabo,
Pliny, and all the older topographers. The word foiba, peculiar to this part of the country, is supposed by MM.
Kandler,
Taramello, and Tomasini to be derived from the Latin fovea, and the
Greek
, a den or nest; the usual Italian equivalent infossa, caverna,
or voragine. I doubt the derivation: "fovea"
does not explain the feature which Claverius calls cavea montium, and Tomasini (p. 179), "bucche ed aperture della terra." The Slav term is
jama, applied at
Trieste to the grotto of San Servolo. If fovea were the origin of the word, we should expect to meet with "foiba" amongst
the Apennines. Possibly, like "Pola," it may be a remnant of the old
Kelto-Thracian tongue spoken by the early races of Istria. Dr. B. Davis
supplies me with a Cornish "fow," the Welsh "fau," and the Irish and
Gaelic "fua-thais," a den, cave, or lurking-place of wild beasts. These
are evidently Keltic congeners of folid and fovea. In this
"foiba" we detect, strangely disguised, "the river Fluva," which Murray ("
Hand-book of Southern Germany," Sect. xiii. p. 70.), causes to flow under
the town of
Pisino. Turnbull ("Austria," i. 13) mentions the grotto or
cavern, but seems not to have asked for the name. The modern Greek term is
not folià, but katavothron, and the features about
the Copric lake and Cephalonian Argostoli exactly correspond with those of
Istria. -
A wise provincial law, "De capris non tenendis,"found in the
Triestine Statutes of a.d. 1350-1420, and renewed in 1844, forbids goats
to be fed throughout Istria, except "alla corda;" that is to say, they
may not wander about in flocks to the utter destruction of shrub and young
tree. The peasantry complain of the far-sighted legislation, because the
cheese is at 50 soldi the pfund. The only places where I found
exceptions were on the submaritime tracts between Pola and
Parenzo, and
even there all sensible natives spoke of it as "una barbarie." The
example of Istria and Iceland, which exterminated goats for injuring the
house-roofs, should be followed by Syria and Palestine: the disforesting
of the Holy Land is mainly the work of the Capra
domestica.
- All are agreed that there was a
Castelliere at Pisinvecchio, on the
hill west of
Pisino, and my friend Sig. Antonio Covaz contends that
Pisino
itself occupies the site of a prehistoric village. The latter place, with
its grand "Foiba," and its noble castle of the Counts of Montecuccoli,
reminds travellers of the Ravine and the Kasabah of Algerian Constantino.
It is a most picturesque place, well worth a visit.
- Sig. Antonio Covaz believes the old Istrian city of
Nesactium, so
celebrated in the Roman wars (b.c. 177), to lie south-east of
Albona.
He places it, not as usual on the Arsa, but at some distance to the south,
on the Valle Badò, south-east of Monticohio, at a site called Gradina,
which is described as the "King of the
Castellieri." The peasants still
call the place Va (in) Satzye. I shall visit this part of the country as
soon as possible.
- Baron Carl von Czoernig (junior) protests against my writing
Cunzi
as a Slav word for Kunzi (a corner?); the former would be
pronounced Zunzi, and he declares the German has no right to turn
"Bordeaux," e. g., into "Bordoo." I have preferred
Cunzi
because it
is the Italian form, at the same time confessing that Kunzi would be more
correct. The guide, a Slav of Istrian family, pronounced the word Ghunzi,
with the Arabic Ghayn (gh). In Dr.
Kandler's map it appears, if it appears
at all, as S. Antonio.
- The aneroid (compensated) showed 28.27, and the therm. F.
55°. But the Borina, or little Bora, was blowing, and the barometer at sea
level might average 30.50. On a subsequent visit it stood as 38.76.
"Ripenda" appears to be the name of the whole sea-face as far as Fianona.
- The classical Sinus Flanaticus. Dante (Inf. ix. 213) writes,
"Sì come a Puola, vicino al Quarnaro," which is not for the purpose of
rhyming with "varo." My friend
Luciani assures me that the form is common
in old documents, though now obsolete.
-
By the kindness of Dr. Scampicchio, I hope presently to supply a
photograph of this feature, so important in determining sundry details of
restoration.
- The external wall of the ellipse is said to be 440 paces (=1,100
feet) in circumference; but I did not measure it.
- I was wrongly told that this digging had been made by the great
classical scholar and historian, M. Mommsen.
- Some of these are remarkably heavy and thick, reminding me of the
specimens which I brought home in 1871 from various parts of Syria and
Palestine.
- I have secured a photograph of this interesting specimen.
- The Slav word is Vran, a linguistic analogy with the Scandinavian Hrafn,
the Teutonic robe, and the English raven. Here
the radical consonants are r b (or its congeners v and f},
and, curious to say, we find them in the Hebrew orab and the Arabic
ghurab (a raven), which notably gave rise to corvus, corbeau,
crow.
- The inn-keeper at Vragna calls it "Sito Vorljake va Bukovike pod
(under), Stagie (or Stago) in sito Stara Vragna sotto Monte Maggiore." If
the traveller does not ask precisely, and with the words used by the
natives, he will fail to find his place.
- Sig. Nacinovich also showed me a Dolina (i.e., dol, thal,
dale, and vale), a crater-shaped hole in the
limestone field to the north of Santa Domenica, popularly known as
Venezia. It contains two caves, one with a single, the other with a double
entrance, respectively opening to the south and north. I reserve, however,
an account of this formation for another paper upon the cave dwellings
of Istria. Cav.
Luciani writes to me as follows:
—
"Ma giacchè
è deciso d'intraprendere uno studio serio, io la prego di non limitarlo
ai
Castellieri, bensi di estenderlo anche alle caverne. Molte le
diranno che sono inaccessibili, impraticabili, che furono visitate da
altri, che in esse non hanno vi indizii di abitazioni o di resti umani.
Non si acquieti a tali asserzioni. Il paese non è instrutto abbastanza
in questo ramo di scienza nuova, e per conseguenza i più sono increduli,
fanno difficoltà e creano impossibilità che non esistono in fatto. Veda
con proprii occhi e tocchi colle proprie sue mani. In Istria coma dissi
nella lettera al Dr. Buzzi, bisogna distinguere le voragini (volgarmente
foibe) dalle caverne (grotte). Le prime per loro natura,
precipitose e perpendicolari, inabitabili veramente, lasciamole pure al
geologo; ma le seconde che si aprono sui fianchi delle costiere e
s'inviscerano orizzontalmente, o quasi, nelle montagne, tocca a noi
esplorarle attentissimamente, perchè sotto la crosta stalagmitica
contengono, o certo possono contenere, l'incognita dei primi abitazioni
selvaggi."
- I reserve the subject of ossiferous breccias in Istria and the
Dalmatian Islands for a future paper.
- There are four undated revolvers, pistols, and carbines, in the I.R.
naval arsenal, concerning which Captain Germonnig, the Director, has
kindly promised me to make enquiries.
- The reader is again warned «gainst his "Murray" ("Handbook Southern
Germany"), who tells him (page 460) that Peroi, seven miles from Pola,
is a small village inhabited by a Greek colony, still retaining the
language and picturesque costume of their country. On a blazing August
morning M. de Perrochel and I walked some five miles to see these
"Greeks." We found a few households of Albanians and Montenegrins, who
colonized the place in 1657, and who are "Greeks" only in religion. The
"wretched inn" of Dignano, mentioned by Turnbull, also has greatly
improved under the frequent visits of naval officers from Pola: the
Albergo Ferrara is now one of the best in Istria.
-
The exact position is the modern Cervera (Latin, Cervaria).
Dr. Kandler places "Figlinæ amplissimæ patrimonii Cæssaris
" on the shore north of the
Castelliere, and great quantities of broken
pottery, useful when compared with the prehistoric remnants, are still
found. Indeed, the whole of Western Istria abounds in "Figlinæ."
- Istria still preserves the word stanzia, which, in the
Spanish form estancia, means the breeding estates of the Argentine
and Uruguay Republics.
- At Rovigno there is a tradition that the island
upon which stood the ancient city Arupinum, has sunk bodily. Sig.
Luciani (p. 40,
"L'Istria, Schizzo-Storico-Etnografico") places the event about A.D.
740.
-
[The "crowdy" of the Scotch, and
the "tiste" of Central America.— C. C. B.]
- [Capt. Burton here refers to Mr.
Samuel Laing's extraordinary work, "Prehistoric, Remains of Caithness."
Of course the local feeling amongst the Keiss men was very strong
against Prof. Owen's supposition that some of their ancestors were
cannibals."—C. C. B.]
- Sig.
Carlo De Franceschi
showed me some specimens, whose enlarged central holes proved them to be
primitive heads; those with smaller apertures may have been spindles,
like the articles still used by sundry savage races.
- "Castra
autem, præsertim hoste vicino, tufo semper facienda sunt loco, ubi e
lignorum et pabuli et aquae suppetat copia" (lib i. cap. xviii.).
|
Sources:
-
Antrophologia, 1874, p. 370-415 and
Anthropologia, 1875, p. 375-415.
Other data:
-
BURTON, Richard Francis. Notes on the
Castellieri or
Prehistoric Ruins of the Istrian Peninsula, [Trieste: n.d. but 1874]. 8°
(220 x 142mm). Drop-head title, 4 lithographed plates, 2 double-page.
Original wrappers. Provenance: upper
Description:
BURTON, Richard Francis. Notes on the
Castellieri or
Prehistoric Ruins of the Istrian Peninsula, [Trieste: n.d. but 1874].
8° (220 x 142mm). Drop-head title, 4 lithographed plates, 2 double-page.
Original wrappers. Provenance: upper cover inscribed by the author
'Captain Richard Burton Notes on the
Castellieri of the Istrian
Peninsula'. A very rare offprint - originally published in issue number 3
of Anthropologia. Casada 50.
http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/burton,-richard-francis.-i-notes-on-the-castell-1-c-qejs1o8497
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